chem study sheet

liquid to solid

freezing

solid to liquid

melting

solid to gas

sublimation

gas to solid

deposition

gas to liquid

condensation

liquid to gas

evaporation

physichal **properties**

how it looks physically: Shape, Colour, temperature, change in state of matter

chemical **properties**

Characteristics of a substance that determine how it will react with other substances. How it's made up chemically

physical change

nothing new is created and only the appearance changes. Can be reversed. eg:ice cream melting, boiling water

chemical change

a different substance is formed. not reversible. Gas, shape, colour, smell, temperature eg:burning wood, food rotting

element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

compound

a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.

mixtures

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

mechanical mixture

you can see the different substances that make up the mixture called heterogeneous. eg. trail mix, salad

solution

you cannot see the different substances that make up the mixture. called homogeneous eg. juice powder in water

Suspention

a cloudy mixture where tiny particles are held within another eg:orange juice with pulp

colloid

cloudy mixture where the tiny suspended particles cannot be separated eg.milk

calculating neutrons

atomic mass - atomic number

atom

particle of matter that makes up everything and is so tiny that we cannot see it.

electron

negatively charged particle

proton

positively charged particle

neutron

A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge

nucleus

Center of an atom

atomic mass

quantity of matter in an atom. found under the symbol

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

period

horizontal row in the periodic table

group

Vertical column in the periodic table. similiar elements are in a group

metals

solid, shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, very malleable(strong) and ductile(be stretched into a wire).

non-metals

some solid, some gas, not very shiny, poor conductors, brittle and not ductile.

metalloids

have qualities of metals and non-metals. They are solid, dull or shiny, sometimes conduct electricity but not heat, brittle and not ductile.

alkali metals

most reactive metals: in group 1

alkaline earth metals

second most reactive: in group 2

halogens

most reactive nonmetals: group 17

noble gases

stable and non-reactive gasses: in group 18

saftey hazard symbols

hazard symbols not used for the workplace

WHMIS

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

Yellow triangle

caution

orange diamond

warning

red diamond

danger

saftey hazard symbols

flammable, compressed gas, corrosive, oxidizing, harmful, health hazard, toxic, explosive

WHMIS symbols

compressed gas, flammable material, oxziding, explosion, harmful, biohazardous, corrosive, health hazard, harmful, harmful to enviroment

Ionic compounds

metal + non-metal

where are metals located on the periodic table?

everywhere on the left side of the staircase

where are non-metals?

on the right side of the staircase minus the metalloids

molecular compounds

non-metal + non metal

what does (s), (l), (g), (aq) mean?

(s)=solid (l)=liquid (g)=gas (aq)=aqueous/anything dissolved in water

how many atoms are in H2O?

H2O: H=2 O=1, Atoms=3

iconic compounds are what at room temp?

solid

do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

yes

how do you name ionic compounds?

balance them out by making a chart or switching the charges when it’s over 1

Calcium= 2+ and Nitrogen= 3- what’s the compound name?

Ca3N2

Sodium= 1+ Phosphorus= 3- what’s the compound name?

Na3P

Platinum= 4+ oxygen= 2- what’s the compound name?

PtO2 because of lowest terms

What does it mean when an element has a roman numeral?

It means that the element has more than one charge and the roman numeral depicts which one it has eg. Cu2+ = Cu(ll) or Cu+ = Cu(l)

molecular compounds are what at room temp?

either a solid, liquid, or gas

how do you write the names of molecular compounds?

by using prefixes eg. CO2 Carbon **Di**oxide= Carbon:1- and oxygen:2-

what are the molecular prefixes up to 6?

1:mono

2:di

3:tri

4:tetra

5:penta

6:hexa

reactants

the materials at the beginning of a chemical reaction

product

the new created substance at the end of a reaction

Evidence of a chemical change (gpcsh)

gas, precipitate, colour, shape, heat

exothermic

release heat or energy (hot) eg. making an ice cube, burning wood

endothermic

absorbs heat or energy (cold) eg. boiling water, formation of frost

combustion

a substance reacts with oxygen and produces CO2 and H2O

corrosion

reacts with oxygen to slowly create rust

law of conservation of mass

matter is not created or destroyed

how do you calculate how much product or reactant is missing using the law of conservation?

the products should equal the the reactant and the reactants should equal the product when you add them

open system

products and reactants can escape

closed system

products and reactants can’t escape

catalysts

increase the speed of a chemical reaction

concentration

more ____ make bigger and faster reactions

temperature

hotter= faster reactions

colder=slower reactions

surface area

higher=faster reactions

lower=slower reactions

qualitative

qualities of an element

quantitative

the number parts of an element