Studied by 1 personmedia literacy
understanding how to comprehend media
experience
authority
science
what are the 3 ways of knowing?
prediction
explanation
understanding
control
what are the four goals of science?
theory
set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that explains and predicts events or situations among variables
confirmation bias
the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs even if their current information indicates that the original decision was incorrect, based upon the perceived information that made the decision.
qualitative
quantitative
what are the different types of inquiry?
quantitative
What type of inquiry:
count things
standard questioning
examples: experiments, surveys, meta-analysis
qualitative
What type of inquiry:
interpret things
flexible questioning
typical examples:
focus groups
field observation
in-depth interviews
case studies
population
everyone we are interested in knowing something about
sample
subset in our group included in research study
*
*The relationship between a population and sample:
we use a sample to judge a population
convenience
representative
random/probability
the 3 common types of samples
convenience sample
readily available group to the researcher
representative sample
a group that resembles the entire population of interest
random/probability sample
systematically chosen group where in every unit from the population has an equal chance of being selected
two variables are related
the cause comes first (time order)
rule out alternate causes
what are the 3 necessary conditions for determining cause?
validity
does the study investigate what it claims to
reliability
would I get the same results if I did it again?
quantitative content analysis
a research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative descriotion of the manifest content of communication
ex: how much violence/sex is in this content?
dating behaviors per hour of reality dating tv
manifest content
the material that actually appears
latent content
the material that is implied
objective
someone else should be able to achieve the same results
systematic
the content is selected and evaluated according to explicit and consistently applied rules
quantitative
the analysis is numerical so that the results can be analyzed statistically
key elements of experiments
test for cause and effect
use manipulation
random assignment
multiple groups
equal treatment
IV
DV
experiments
what research designs allow for causal claims
cross sectional
longitudinal
what are the two major types of surveys?
meta-analysis
research that compares or combines the results of multiple studies on the same topic, it is important because it can determine effect size
gratification perspective
a broad perspective focused on the viewer as an active participant in choosing to use media that meets personal needs
learning
habit
arousal
relaxation
escape
passing time
social interaction
what are the 7 common motivations for medis use?
parasocial interaction
illusionary give and take between a media figure and audience
happens during media use
parasocial relationships
lingering sense of intimacy and connectedness with media figure, develops over time and endures beyond that media experience
parasocial breakup
happens when the audience grieves the loss of the parasocial relationship
attachment theory
Bowlby (1969)
Attachment behavior system - a set of behaviors and reactions that monitor and regulate the distance between children and their caregivers
Crying
Attachment Figure → Primary Caregiver (Mother)
Secure base – a safe environment for exploration
Internal working models of attachment – beliefs and expectations about relationships (“from the cradle to the grave”)
anxiety about abandonment
avoidance of intimacy
what are the 2 underlying attachment dimensions?
secure
preoccupied
fearful
dismissing
the 2 underlying attachment dimensions combine to create these 4 distint types?
secure
comfortable with intimacy and interdependence optimistic and sociable
preoccupied
uneasy and vigilant toward any threat to the relationship: needy and jealous
fearful
fearful of rejection and mistrustful of others: suspicious and shy
dismissing
self-reliant and uninterested in intimacy: indifferent and independent
homophily
the tendency for people to choose connections with people who are similar to themselves in socially prominent ways
indentification
actively imagining becoming the character in a book or program and experiencing the events happening to that character from the inside out
persona/celebrity worship
an obsessive-addictive disorder in which an individual becomes excessivley focused on the details of a celebrity, typically a TV, movie, or popstar
substitution hypothesis
the idea that people use parasocial relationships to compensate for deficits in their real world relationships
panksepp-jakobson hypothesis
the competing hypotheis to the substitution, the idea that parasocial relationships are complimentary to people’s real world relationships, they follow patterns that real relationships do
panksepp-jakobson hypothesis
which hypothesis is supported in the meta-analysis by Tukachinsky & Walter & Saucier
altruism
selfless concern for others
slacktivism
active participation in social issues online with a lack of participation otherwise outside of social media
positive media psychology
fostering one’s own wellbeing, creating greater connectedness with others, cultivating compassion for those oppressed or stigmatized and motivating altruism and other parasocial actions
care
fairness
loyalty
authroity
purity
what are the 5 moral foundations
care
the belief one should relieve the suffering of others; opposite of harm
fairness
the belief that people should be treated equitably in a way that ensures justice for all people
loyalty
the need to promote the common good; particularly to our own in-groups
authority
the recognition of those who are in legitimate possession of power, so long as that power is not abused, comes along with respect to traditions
purity
the desire to avoid contamination, those who created by carnal(sexual) and animalistic desires
*
*what the MIME predicts
model of intuitive morality and exemplars (mime), predicts that one's own media choices influence morality and morality affects media judgements
*
*The macro level prediction of social cognitive theory:
people observe others actions and consequences of those actions so they can reenact
personal
behavioral
environmental
3 predictors/determinants of actions in the social cognitive theory:
attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation
the 4 processes involved in social cognitive theory
attention
in order to reenact the behavior you’re watching, you have to pay attention
retention
you have to retain the information
motor reproduction
reproducing the behavior
motivation
have to be motivated enough to reproduce the behavior
was the person punished or rewarded for their behavior?
*
*How media is related to social cognitive theory: when media models prosocial behaviors, consumers can learn through these models
socioemotional learning
lifelong process of developing competence in understanding how thoughts, feelings, and actions affect both the self and others
self-management
self-awareness
social awareness
responsible decision making
relationship skills
the 5 parts of socioemotional learning
self management
the ability to control oneself and manage stress
self-awareness
the ability to identify your own emotional states
social awareness
taking the point of view of others and having empathy about what others experience
responsible decision making
making decisions that are ethical, safe, and normative
relationship skills
communication, healthy interaction, engagement with others, and being part of a team.
*
*the factors that amplify positive effect:
being a real person
not an animated character
focusing on the positive aspect not the negative
simple story
message is repeated
adult interact with children
eudaimonia
it's the feeling of happiness or trying to find happiness/meaning
elevation
admiration
awe
what are the 3 emotions related to transcendent media experiences
elevation
an uplifting positive emotion that is elicited in a few circumstances often described as warmth (lump in the throat)
admiration
occurs when we witness great feats or skill of talent, also associated with warmth and the chills
awe
when we are witnessing people or objects that are grand, powerful, large, or beyond one’s understanding
stereotyping
reducing people to find few simple characteristics that are representative as “fixed by nature”
intergroup
interrole
interreality
what are the 3 comparisons made in content research?
intergroup
we compare an intergroup between groups
EX: looking at crime in media and looking at black perpetrators and white perpetrators
interrole
comparing between the different roles someone might play
EX: compare the number of black police officers to black perpetrators
interreality
comparison between the media world and the real world
EX: black perpetrators in media vs black perpetrators in real life
EX: looking at population statistics vs media statistics
*
*Overrepresented
Men
White Americans
Black Americans
Young Adults
Underrepresented
Women
Latino Americans
Asain Americans
Native Americans
Adults age 60+
priming
the human brain is connected by pathways with varying strength, media is a prime and exposure to it activates related nodes in a consumer's mind, influences subsequent judgements and behaviors
social identity theory
predicts:
we distinguish ourselves from others based on group memberships, our group is the in group and the out group is everyone else, we derive personal value from our group membership
media influences:
how we think about in and out group members
role schema
a general set of expectations for people within a specific social category… sex roles, racial and ethnic roles…
Media help us build schema
parasocial contact hypothesis
exposure to media figures who are different from oneself may reduce stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
product placement
placing products in media to get exposure to the brand or product, it works because people are not realizing that it is an ad (defenses are down)
reciprocity
scarcity
authority
liking
consistency
consensus or soical proof
Cialdini’s 6 principles of influece include:
reciprocity
the social sense of obligation that is ingrained in culture
scarcity
refers to human desire to want what is in small supply
Concensus or social proof - we want to make sure others have made the same choice before we do
Authority
natural human penchant for following experts
liking
people say yes to those they like
Consistency
human desire to avoid dissonance
Concensus or social proof
we want to make sure others have made the same choice before we do
persuasion
to change someone’s attitude or behavior as a result of exposure to a message or series of messages
intentional persuasion
some messages are designed to change attitudes and behaviors EX: drug advertisements that induce fear
unintentional persuasion
some messages incidentally change attitudes and behaviors EX: tv shows
third person effect
the tendency for people to perceive others as being considerably more influential by mass media messages as compared to themselves
*
The 3rd person is impacted by message desirability:
whether the message has a positive or negative effect,
less inclined to acknowledge negative messages as being influential
social distance:
whether you think you’re similar to the person you’re judging as the third person
we’re more likely to think that those who are similar to us, we think they are impacted the same way as us
the less similar someone is, the more likely we are to see them as the third person
Note
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