Animal Kingdom Lecture Notes

Flashcards covering animal classification, symmetry, and various phyla.

Animal Kingdom

Multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic organisms; reproduce asexually and sexually; many have epithelial, muscular, connective, and nervous tissues; made of vertebrates and invertebrates.

Bilateral Symmetry

Type of symmetry where the body can be divided into equal halves down the middle (left and right).

Radial Symmetry

Type of symmetry where the body can be divided anywhere into equal halves (like a bicycle wheel).

Asymmetrical Symmetry

Type of symmetry where the body cannot be divided equally in half.

Phylum Porifera

Pore bearers; have openings all over the body; few specialized cells; sessile; asymmetrical symmetry; filter feeders; asexual or sexual reproduction; intracellular digestion; gas exchange through diffusion.

Sponges

Simplest animal; example: sponges.

Phylum Cnidarian

Soft-bodied carnivores with poison-filled stinging tentacles; reproduce sexually and asexually; radial symmetry; food enters mouth into a gastro-vascular cavity (one opening).

Cnidarian Examples

Examples: hydras, jellyfish, sea anemone, coral.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flat and soft worms with tissues and internal organ system; some are parasites, others are aquatic or terrestrial; have a mouth (no anus); bilateral symmetry; cephalization; no coelom; asexual or sexual reproduction, some are hermaphrodites.

Platyhelminthes Examples

Examples: tapeworms, planaria.

Phylum Nematoda

Round worms with a digestive system (tube); have 2 openings - mouth and anus; bilateral symmetry and cephalization; develop from 3 germ layers and have a pseudo (false) coelom; most reproduce sexually; many are parasites, others are free living.

Nematode Examples

Examples: trichinosis, hookworm, pinworm.

Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms (ring-like sections); bilateral symmetry and cephalization; true coelom lined with tissue derived from the mesoderm; tube within a tube digestive tract; complex organ system, closed circulatory system; most reproduce sexually, some hermaphrodites.

Annelida Examples

Examples: earthworms, leeches.

Phylum Mollusca

Soft-bodied animals with either an internal or external shell for protection; many have free-swimming larvae; complex organ systems; most have four body parts (foot, mantle, shell, visceral mass); most reproduce sexually; bilateral symmetry and cephalization.

Mollusk Examples

Examples: snails, clams, octopus, cuttlefish.

Phylum Arthropoda

Largest and most diverse animal phylum; segmented body with an exoskeleton made of protein and chitin; shed their exoskeleton (molting); have jointed appendages; live in the sea, land, air, freshwater; most reproduce sexually; bilateral symmetry and cephalization.

Molting

Process where arthropods replace their exoskeleton for a bigger one.

Incomplete metamorphosis

gradual changes. All stages look like a miniature of the adult.

Complete metamorphosis

Larval stages go through drastic changes and they do not look like the adult. Larva-eats, Pupa-rests, Adult-reproduces

Arthropod Examples

Examples: crabs, insects, centipedes, spiders.

Phylum Echinodermata

Have spiny skins; no anterior or posterior end; lacks cephalization; water vascular system for respiration, circulation, and movement; suction cup-like structures (tube feet) used for locomotion and gas exchange; 5-part radial symmetry; sexual reproduction with external fertilization.

Echinoderm Examples

Examples: sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers.

Phylum Chordata

Have at least a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a tail that extends beyond the anus at some stage in its life.

Chordata Examples

Examples: fish, amphibians, mammals, birds, reptiles.