PL1-English

Abstract noun (opposite Concrete noun)

Something which we experience as an idea, not seeing, touching,…

Active

The subject is usually the person or thing that does the action or is responsible

Adjective

to describe people, things, events. They are also used in connections with nouns and pronouns

Adverb

Used to say when, where or how something happens

Adverb particle

Short adverb like up, out, off often used in phrasal verbs

Affirmative

A sentence that makes a positive statement

Agent

In a passive sentence: by whom or what an action is done

Article

A, an, the are the articles: a/an indefinite articles, the definite article

Aspect

Is included in the term tense but grammarians prefer to separate it and say progressive and perfetctive (not perfect) aspect

Auxiliary verbs

Verbs used with other verbs to make tenses, passive forms,…

Clause

Part of a sentence that contains subject and verb usually joined to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction

Cleft sentence

Sentence in which special emphasis is given to one part “what I need is a drink”

Collective noun

Singular word for a group “team”

Comparative

Form of an adjective or adverb +er like more + adj/adv

Compound

Verb, adjective, noun, preposition made of two parts

Conditional

Verb forms composed by the auxiliary would or should (I and we) or a clause (or sentence) that contains if

Conjunction

Word that joins clauses together

Continuous/progressive

Verb form made with the auxiliary be + …ing

Contraction

Short form: subj. and aux. verbs or an aux verb and the word not are joined together also with non aux "John’ll”

Co-ordinate clause

One of two or more main or subordinate clauses of equal value that are connected

copular verb/ link verb

Verbs which link a subject to a complement that describes it “he seems unhappy”

Countable noun

Noun that can have a plural form an can be used with the indefinite article

Demonstrative

This, that, those and these

Determiner

One of a group of words that begin noun phrases (remember IL)

Direct speech

Speech reported directly without changing the tense

Discourse marker

Word or expression that shows a connection between what it is said and the wider context: as a matter of fact

Ellipsis

Leaving out words when the meaning can be understood by the context

Emphasis

Giving special importance to one part of a word or a sentence

Emphatic pronoun

Reflexive pronoun used to emphasize a noun or a pronoun “I will tell him MYSELF”

formal

Styled used politely to talk to strangers on special occasion, literary writing, business letters,…

Future

Verb form made with the auxiliary shall/will + inf without to

Future perfect

A verb form made with shall /will +have+past participle

Future progressive

Verb form made with shall/will+ ing

Gender

Grammatical forms that show differences about masculine, feminine and neuter, or between human and non human

Gerund

Form of a verb ending with + ing used like a noun

Grammar

Rules that show how words are combined or changed to show certain kinds of meaning

Hypothetical

Words and structures that are used tor hypothetical situations that may not happen or are imaginary

Defining relative clause

Relative clauses which identities a noun

Imperative

Form of the verb used to give orders, make suggestions,....

Indirect speech

Structure in which we report what somebody said by making a part of our own sentence by changing the tense

Infinitive

Base form of a word (usually with to)

Informal

Style used in ordinary conversations

-ing form

Like gerund and present participle

Interrogative

Words or sentences used for asking something

Intransitive

Verb that doesn’t have an object and cannot be used with passive

Irregular

Doesn’t follow the normal rules or the form

Inversion

Auxiliary or verb comes before its subject

Main clause, subordinate clause

Sentences are composed by a main clause and then by one or more subordinate clauses, which act like a part of the main clause

Main verb/full verb

Phrase that contains one or more auxiliary verbs together with e the main verb, which expresses the main meaning while auxiliary add grammatical information

Modal auxiliary verb

Verbs like can, should, must,…

Negative

The word not is used with the verb

Non-defining (non-identifying) relative clause

Relative clause that doesn’t identify the noun it refers to: gives additional information to the subject

Noun

Words used with an article

Noun phrase

Group of words which acts as the subject, object or complement in a clause

Number

With which it can be differentiated singular and plural grammatically

Object

Noun phrase or pronoun that comes after the verb in an active clause

Direct object

Refers to a person or a thing affected by the action of the verb

Indirect object

Refers to a person who receives the direct object

Past participle

Verb form like broken used to form perfect tenses, adjectives and passives

Past perfect

Verb made with had and past participle

Past progressive

Mede with was/were + …ing

Perfect

Made with the auxiliary have/has + past participle

Perfect infinitive

(To) have + past participle

Person

Differences in point of view (first, second, third person)

Personal pronouns

I, me, you, he, him,…

Phrase

Two or more words that function together as a group

Phrasal verb

Verb made up of two part: verb + adverb particle “fill up”

Plural

Used to refer to more than one person or thing

Possessive

Form used to show possession

Possessive pronoun

My, your, his, mine, yours,…

Preparatory subject/object

Soressa

Preposition

On, off, of, into followed by a noun or a pronoun

Prepositional verb

Verb made up by two words: turn off

Present participle

Form of verb ending in +ing used as a verb, composition of verb, gerund or adjective

Present perfect

Verb made with have/has + past participle

Present progressive

Verne made with am/are/is + ing

Progressive

Verb made with be + ing and to make it progressive infinitive just add to

Pronoun

Used instead of a more precise noun or noun phrase

Proper noun/name

Name of a particular place, organization, person,… (ONU, Pascal, Brazil)

Quantifier

Determiner used to describe quantities

Question tag or tag question

Consist on an auxiliary verb and a pronoun subject put at the end of the sentence: Isn’t it?

Reflexive pronoun

Myself, yourself, himself,…

Regular

following the normal rules or having the usual form

relative clause

clause which modifies a noun usually introduced by who or which

relative pronoun

pronouns that connects the relative clause to its noun usually introduced by who, which, whom, that, whose

sentence

group of words that express a statement, command, question or exclamation. It has one or more clauses

Singular

Grammatical form used to talk about one person, thing, etc

Slang

Word or expression or special use of language found in informal speech (often used by a particular group of people)

Split infinitive

Adverb that comes between to and the rest of the sentence “to easily understand”

Standard

Form of a language that is most generally accepted for use in government, law, business, edu and lit

Statement

Sentence that gives information not a question

Subject

Noun phrase or pronoun that normally comes before the verb in an affirmative clause (the verb refers to it)

Subordinate clause

Clause which functions as part of another clause like subject, object or adverbial in the main clause of a sentence

Superlative

Form of adverb or an adjective made with the suffix -est

Swearword

Taboo words used to express strong emotions or emphasis

Syllable

Normally has a vowel and one or more consonants after and/or before it

Taboo word

Word connected to a subject which is not spoken freely so that some of its vocabulary is considered shocking

Tag

Short phrase added to the end of a sentence

Tense

Verb form that shows the time of an action, event or state

Transitive

Transitive verb are the ones that can have an object