Abstract noun (opposite Concrete noun)
Something which we experience as an idea, not seeing, touching,…
Active
The subject is usually the person or thing that does the action or is responsible
Adjective
to describe people, things, events. They are also used in connections with nouns and pronouns
Adverb
Used to say when, where or how something happens
Adverb particle
Short adverb like up, out, off often used in phrasal verbs
Affirmative
A sentence that makes a positive statement
Agent
In a passive sentence: by whom or what an action is done
Article
A, an, the are the articles: a/an indefinite articles, the definite article
Aspect
Is included in the term tense but grammarians prefer to separate it and say progressive and perfetctive (not perfect) aspect
Auxiliary verbs
Verbs used with other verbs to make tenses, passive forms,…
Clause
Part of a sentence that contains subject and verb usually joined to the rest of the sentence by a conjunction
Cleft sentence
Sentence in which special emphasis is given to one part “what I need is a drink”
Collective noun
Singular word for a group “team”
Comparative
Form of an adjective or adverb +er like more + adj/adv
Compound
Verb, adjective, noun, preposition made of two parts
Conditional
Verb forms composed by the auxiliary would or should (I and we) or a clause (or sentence) that contains if
Conjunction
Word that joins clauses together
Continuous/progressive
Verb form made with the auxiliary be + …ing
Contraction
Short form: subj. and aux. verbs or an aux verb and the word not are joined together also with non aux "John’ll”
Co-ordinate clause
One of two or more main or subordinate clauses of equal value that are connected
copular verb/ link verb
Verbs which link a subject to a complement that describes it “he seems unhappy”
Countable noun
Noun that can have a plural form an can be used with the indefinite article
Demonstrative
This, that, those and these
Determiner
One of a group of words that begin noun phrases (remember IL)
Direct speech
Speech reported directly without changing the tense
Discourse marker
Word or expression that shows a connection between what it is said and the wider context: as a matter of fact
Ellipsis
Leaving out words when the meaning can be understood by the context
Emphasis
Giving special importance to one part of a word or a sentence
Emphatic pronoun
Reflexive pronoun used to emphasize a noun or a pronoun “I will tell him MYSELF”
formal
Styled used politely to talk to strangers on special occasion, literary writing, business letters,…
Future
Verb form made with the auxiliary shall/will + inf without to
Future perfect
A verb form made with shall /will +have+past participle
Future progressive
Verb form made with shall/will+ ing
Gender
Grammatical forms that show differences about masculine, feminine and neuter, or between human and non human
Gerund
Form of a verb ending with + ing used like a noun
Grammar
Rules that show how words are combined or changed to show certain kinds of meaning
Hypothetical
Words and structures that are used tor hypothetical situations that may not happen or are imaginary
Defining relative clause
Relative clauses which identities a noun
Imperative
Form of the verb used to give orders, make suggestions,....
Indirect speech
Structure in which we report what somebody said by making a part of our own sentence by changing the tense
Infinitive
Base form of a word (usually with to)
Informal
Style used in ordinary conversations
-ing form
Like gerund and present participle
Interrogative
Words or sentences used for asking something
Intransitive
Verb that doesn’t have an object and cannot be used with passive
Irregular
Doesn’t follow the normal rules or the form
Inversion
Auxiliary or verb comes before its subject
Main clause, subordinate clause
Sentences are composed by a main clause and then by one or more subordinate clauses, which act like a part of the main clause
Main verb/full verb
Phrase that contains one or more auxiliary verbs together with e the main verb, which expresses the main meaning while auxiliary add grammatical information
Modal auxiliary verb
Verbs like can, should, must,…
Negative
The word not is used with the verb
Non-defining (non-identifying) relative clause
Relative clause that doesn’t identify the noun it refers to: gives additional information to the subject
Noun
Words used with an article
Noun phrase
Group of words which acts as the subject, object or complement in a clause
Number
With which it can be differentiated singular and plural grammatically
Object
Noun phrase or pronoun that comes after the verb in an active clause
Direct object
Refers to a person or a thing affected by the action of the verb
Indirect object
Refers to a person who receives the direct object
Past participle
Verb form like broken used to form perfect tenses, adjectives and passives
Past perfect
Verb made with had and past participle
Past progressive
Mede with was/were + …ing
Perfect
Made with the auxiliary have/has + past participle
Perfect infinitive
(To) have + past participle
Person
Differences in point of view (first, second, third person)
Personal pronouns
I, me, you, he, him,…
Phrase
Two or more words that function together as a group
Phrasal verb
Verb made up of two part: verb + adverb particle “fill up”
Plural
Used to refer to more than one person or thing
Possessive
Form used to show possession
Possessive pronoun
My, your, his, mine, yours,…
Preparatory subject/object
Soressa
Preposition
On, off, of, into followed by a noun or a pronoun
Prepositional verb
Verb made up by two words: turn off
Present participle
Form of verb ending in +ing used as a verb, composition of verb, gerund or adjective
Present perfect
Verb made with have/has + past participle
Present progressive
Verne made with am/are/is + ing
Progressive
Verb made with be + ing and to make it progressive infinitive just add to
Pronoun
Used instead of a more precise noun or noun phrase
Proper noun/name
Name of a particular place, organization, person,… (ONU, Pascal, Brazil)
Quantifier
Determiner used to describe quantities
Question tag or tag question
Consist on an auxiliary verb and a pronoun subject put at the end of the sentence: Isn’t it?
Reflexive pronoun
Myself, yourself, himself,…
Regular
following the normal rules or having the usual form
relative clause
clause which modifies a noun usually introduced by who or which
relative pronoun
pronouns that connects the relative clause to its noun usually introduced by who, which, whom, that, whose
sentence
group of words that express a statement, command, question or exclamation. It has one or more clauses
Singular
Grammatical form used to talk about one person, thing, etc
Slang
Word or expression or special use of language found in informal speech (often used by a particular group of people)
Split infinitive
Adverb that comes between to and the rest of the sentence “to easily understand”
Standard
Form of a language that is most generally accepted for use in government, law, business, edu and lit
Statement
Sentence that gives information not a question
Subject
Noun phrase or pronoun that normally comes before the verb in an affirmative clause (the verb refers to it)
Subordinate clause
Clause which functions as part of another clause like subject, object or adverbial in the main clause of a sentence
Superlative
Form of adverb or an adjective made with the suffix -est
Swearword
Taboo words used to express strong emotions or emphasis
Syllable
Normally has a vowel and one or more consonants after and/or before it
Taboo word
Word connected to a subject which is not spoken freely so that some of its vocabulary is considered shocking
Tag
Short phrase added to the end of a sentence
Tense
Verb form that shows the time of an action, event or state
Transitive
Transitive verb are the ones that can have an object