Summary_Psychodiagnostics_GGZ2030.docx

Psychological test

Psychological test

A standardised measure of behavior using important test items to discover information about the test-taker, based on uniform procedures in administering and scoring tests.

Standardised measure of behavior

An established reference point used by test scorers to evaluate and compare, obtained by establishing norms through a large sample of test-takers.

Norms

Reference points derived from the number of test-takers to establish what is normal in a group, allowing scorers to determine where an individual falls within that group.

Test items

Questions asked on a test relevant to what is being measured, requiring a large set to establish proper measurement and understand the test-taker's knowledge.

Uniformity of procedures

Administering and scoring tests in the same way each time to ensure validity and reliability in testing.

Reliability

Consistency in test results over time, observers, and parts of the test, ensuring reproducibility of outcomes.

Validity

The extent to which test results measure what they are supposed to measure, assessed by how well results correspond to established theories and measures.

Psychological assessment

Involves considering multiple test scores in the context of history, referral information, and observed behavior to understand the individual being evaluated.

Psychological testing

Administering a scale to obtain a specific score, while psychological assessment involves a broader evaluation of the individual.

Diagnostic theory

Involves theory development, operationalization, measurement, and application of relevant diagnostic methods in clinical diagnostics.

Indication Strategy

Involves considering the client's preferences in formulating acceptable treatment options through mutual consultation.

Diagnostic Cycle

A model involving observation, induction, deduction, testing, and evaluation for scientifically justified answers.

BDI-II

A screening tool for depression severity, not for classification, with specific cut points for different populations.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)

Characterized by grandiosity, lack of empathy, entitlement, and manipulation of others, with two phenotypic presentations - grandiose and vulnerable narcissism.

Psychodynamic Approaches

Include Transference-focused psychotherapy and Mentalisation-based treatment for treating narcissistic thoughts and behaviors.

Cognitive-behavioral Approaches

Involve adapting cognitive therapy models, schema-focused therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, and meta-cognitive interpersonal therapy for treating narcissistic traits.

Cronbach's Alpha

A psychometric statistic estimating internal consistency reliability, representing the average of all possible split-halves for both dichotomous and continuous data.

Internal Consistency Reliability

Relevant to composite scores, it assesses the consistency of responses across multiple items in a scale.

Reverse Code

A technique used to ensure all variables in a scale are in the same direction before calculating Cronbach���s Alpha.

Test-Retest Reliability

Measures consistency when repeating the same test on the same sample at different times to assess stability over time.

Interrater Reliability

Measures agreement between different observers assessing the same thing to minimize subjectivity in research.

Parallel Forms Reliability

Measures correlation between equivalent versions of a test to ensure consistent results from different assessment tools.

Internal Consistency

Assesses the correlation between items in a test measuring the same construct without involving other researchers.

Errors of Measurement

Discrepancies between true ability and measured ability, aiming to minimize errors to ensure reliability in tests.

Standard Error of Measurement

Represents the average amount a score varies from the true score due to random errors in classical test theory.

Domain Sampling Model

Considers the limitations of using a limited number of items to represent a broader construct in classical test theory.

Reliability Coefficient

The ratio of the variance of true scores to the variance of observed scores on a test, indicating the consistency of measurement.

Item Response Theory (IRT)

Focuses on item difficulty to assess an individual's ability level, adjusting the test difficulty based on responses.

Test-Retest Method

Assesses consistency by administering the same test on different occasions to evaluate stability over time.

Parallel Forms

Compares two equivalent forms of a test to estimate reliability by assessing consistency across different versions.

Internal Consistency

Evaluates how well items on a test measure the same trait, using methods like split-half or Kuder-Richardson techniques.

Spear-Brown Formula

Estimates the correlation between two halves of a test to correct for the lower reliability of shorter tests.

Coefficient Alpha

A measure of internal consistency that indicates the extent to which items on a test measure the same trait.

Factor Analysis

Divides test items into subgroups to assess internal consistency and identify distinct characteristics measured by the test.

Dutch Rating System for Test Quality

A system evaluating the quality of a test based on 7 criteria, rating each criterion as insufficient, sufficient, or good.

Theoretical basis of the test

Involves 3 items assessing the logic of test development, focusing on clarifying the construct, target groups, and application of the test.

Quality of the test materials

Assessed through 8 items for paper-and-pencil and computer-based tests, including key items like standardization and objectivity of the scoring system.

Comprehensiveness of the manual

Evaluates the information provided to enable responsible test use, with a key item checking for the presence of a manual.

Norms

Essential for test interpretation, categorized into norm-referenced, domain-referenced, and criterion-referenced interpretations, with key items checking for the provision of norms and data collection period.

Reliability

Focuses on evaluating the consistency of test results, with a key item checking for the availability of reliability results.

Construct validity

Concerned with whether a test measures the intended trait or ability, supported by construct-related evidence, including convergent and discriminant validity.

Criterion validity

Demonstrates how well a test predicts non-test behavior, including retrospective, concurrent, and predictive validity, with a focus on correlations with well-defined criteria.

Face validity

Assesses whether a test appears to measure what it is intended to measure, influencing test takers' motivation.

Content validity

Ensures the test adequately covers the conceptual domain it aims to measure, focusing on the relevance of items to the content.

Validity coefficient

Describes the relationship between a test and a criterion, with values between .30-.40 considered adequate, and the coefficient squared indicating the percentage of variation explained in the criterion.

Small Sample Misleading

A proper validity study may be hindered by a small sample size, leading to misleading results due to the increased impact of chance variation on correlations.

Cross Validation

Evaluates how well a test predicts performance for an independent group of subjects, distinct from the initial validity study assessing the relationship between the test and the criterion.

Restricted Range

Refers to a variable with scores closely clustered within a limited range, impacting correlation as it requires variability in both the predictor and criterion.

Generalizability

The extent to which criterion-related validity evidence from one situation can be applied to other similar situations, emphasizing the need to prove the results' relevance beyond the original context.

Reliability-Validity Relationship

The interconnection between reliability and validity, where evidence for validity is challenging to establish without reasonable reliability, although high reliability does not guarantee validity.

Self-Other Disagreement

The moderate agreement between self-assessment and informant reports, with discrepancies often indicating personality pathology and influencing therapy outcomes.

SCID-5-S

A structured clinical interview for diagnosing DSM-5 syndromic disorders, guiding clinicians through the diagnostic process with additional modules and disorders for the Dutch context.

CES-D

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, a self-report questionnaire assessing depressive symptoms in various populations, focusing on symptoms experienced in the past week.

Clinical Validation

The process of gathering evidence to support the effectiveness of specific diagnostic or treatment procedures, crucial for ensuring the utility of psychological assessments and interventions.

Anchoring

Fixating on specific features early in the diagnostic process and basing the likelihood of an event on initial information.

Premature closure

Accepting a diagnosis before it is fully verified.

Confirmation bias

Seeking confirming evidence to support a hypothesis rather than looking for disconfirming evidence.

Diagnostic anchor

Diagnoses suggested in referral letters influencing clinicians' decisions.

Bayes' theorem

Formula determining conditional probability based on prior knowledge.

Sensitivity

Number of individuals correctly diagnosed by a test.

Specificity

Number of individuals correctly identified as healthy by a test.

Conditional probability

Probability of an event occurring given another event has already occurred.

Base rate

Prevalence or prior probability of a condition in a population.

Role bias

Conflating clinical and forensic roles, leading to potential conflicts.

Financial/payment bias

Outcome-dependent payment influencing opinions.

Self-report bias

Unreliable self-reports in forensic settings.

Under-utilization of base rates

Neuropsychologists not using base rates effectively.

Conformation bias

Preferring information that supports the original hypothesis.

Personal and political bias

Adverse life experiences shaping attitudes and contributing to bias.

Group attribution error

Belief that individual traits represent a whole group.

Diagnosis momentum

Working diagnosis becoming certain as it is passed along, hindering further evaluation.

Diagnosis Momentum

Clinicians may prematurely assign a diagnosis, leading subsequent clinicians to accept it without considering other possibilities.

Good Old Days Bias

Tendency to view oneself as healthier in the past, underestimating past symptoms, especially before an injury.

Overconfidence

Holding a false belief in one's skills or intellect, leading to diagnostic errors due to an inability to consider other hypotheses.

Cultural Validity

Recognizing and respecting cultural differences in assessment and diagnosis to avoid misdiagnosis and stigma.

Pathoplasticity

Variability in symptoms and outcomes of mental disorders among different cultural groups.

Psychologization

Overemphasis on psychological aspects of disorders, leading to misinterpretation of symptoms across cultures.

Therapist Bias

Cultural characteristics of clients influencing therapists' judgments, potentially leading to over-pathologizing.

Measurement Equivalence

Ensuring tests measure the same construct across different cultural groups to avoid biased interpretations.

Construct Bias

Bias due to differences in the theoretical construct measured across cultures.

Item Bias

Distortions at the item level in tests, affecting the difficulty or attractiveness of items for different cultural groups.

Cultural Distance

All aspects in which cultural groups differ, influencing the validity of cross-cultural comparisons.

Construct Equivalence

Same construct measured in each cultural group, ensuring universal validity of psychological constructs.

Measurement Unit Equivalence

Metric measures having the same unit across populations but different origins.

Full Scale Equivalence

Scores having the same measurement unit and origin in all populations, assuming bias-free measurement.

Strength

Cooperative effort that can improve the quality of translations, especially when committee members have complementary areas of expertise.

Simultaneous development

Developing a new instrument, making it easier to carry out.

Successive development

Translating an existing instrument for use in a multilingual context, with three options available.

Application

Literal translation of an instrument into a target language, potentially leading to biased instruments if cultural appropriateness is not considered.

Adaptation

Literal translation of parts of items, changes in other items, or creating new items to ensure adequate measurement of underlying constructs in each language.

Assembly

Adapting an instrument to the extent of practically creating a new one, suitable when construct bias threatens direct comparison.

Construct bias

Addressed through cultural decentering to eliminate language or culture-specific concepts.

Construct and/or method bias

Mitigated using the committee approach and considering bilingual and monolingual samples.

Method bias

Managed by considering subject and context variables and using collateral information to assess the influence of data collection methods.

Item bias

Analyzed through error or distractor analysis for cross-cultural group comparisons in mental tests.

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Non-verbal test measuring general human intelligence and abstract reasoning, administered to various age groups.

Therapeutic assessment (TA)

Semi-structured approach aiming for therapeutic change through psychological assessment, developed collaboratively with clients.

Collaborative assessment

A joint effort between the client and professional toward mutually set goals, sharing information and impressions.

Self-verification

Human tendency to seek information supporting established self-understanding, balanced with avoiding disintegration for therapeutic change.

Empathy magnifiers

Psychological tests used to deeply understand clients, enhancing empathy and promoting therapeutic effects.