unit 2 vocab.

hydrophobic

hydrophobic

substances that don’t dissolve in water (water fearing) EX: oils don’t mix with water

hydrophilic

substances that will dissolve in water (water loving) EX: salt and sugar dissolve in water

adhesion

water molecules sticking to something other than water due to attraction of charges

cohesion

tendency of water molecules to stick together because of hydrogen bonding

hydrogen bond

a chemical bond formed when a slightly positive H atom of one molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom of another molecule

electronegativity

the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons

heat capacity

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of matter by one unit of temperature

density

a measurement of how tightly matter is packed together, d = M/V

pH scale

a measurement system used to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

atom

the most basic, smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of the element

ion

an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge

molecule

two or more atoms connected by chemical bonds

element

a pure substance consisting of all the same type of atom

polymer

large compounds built by the joining of monomers

monomer

small units which join together to form polymers

dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction

a reaction that attaches monomers together to form a polymer. hydroxyl (-OH) group from one molecule and H from another atom taken out in the form of H20 to connect the monomers

hydrolysis

a reaction that breaks down polymers, the reverse of dehydration synthesis. H20 molecule used to break down the link between the monomers

polymerization

the process in which large compounds (macromolecules/polymers) are built by the joining together of many smaller molecules (monomers)

de-polymerization

a process that converts polymers/macromolecules into into its monomeric components

carbohydrates

macromolecules made of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio. supply immediate energy for all cell activities. some plants/animals use for structural purposes. monomers are saccharides

protein

macromolecules containing C, H, O, and N, made up of coiled and folded polypeptide chains. vide variety of uses, including enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin etc. monomers are amino acids linked into polypeptide chains.

nucleic acid

macromolecule containing C, H, O, N, and P. store and transfer vital information to cells. two kinds: DNA and RNA. monomers are nucleotides

monosaccharide

simple sugar containing only one molecule of sugar. monomers of carbohydrates. EX: glucose, galactose, and fructose

disaccharide

composed of 2 monosaccharides that are combined in a condensation reaction. EX: sucrose (glucose & fructose), lactose (glucose & galactose), and maltose (two units of glucose)

polysaccharide

composed of three or more monosaccharides

starch

a storage polysaccharide produced by plants to store excess glucose. many molecules are bonded together to form this carbohydrate.

glycogen

a storage polysaccharide produced by animals in order to store glucose. the liver bonds many molecules of glucose together to form this carbohydrate.

cellulose

a structural polysaccharide. this carbohydrate is the stringy, fibrous material found in the cell wall of plants. gives strength to the plant cell. major component of wood and paper.

amino acid

monomers of proteins. 20 different kinds sharing a basic structure: a central C atom bonded to an H atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an “R” group. “R” group is unique in each variation and provides protein with different shapes and functions.

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids linked together with peptide bonds that forms the beginning of a protein

peptide bond

the covalent bond that links two amino acids. formed by dehydration synthesis linking the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another

nucleotide

monomers of nucleic acids

saturated fat

a fatty acid that has no C-C double bonds in it’s tail. tend to be solid at room temperatures. EX: shortening, lard, and butter. tend to clog arteries and veins.

unsaturated fat

a fatty acid that has at least one C-C double bond in it’s tail. tend to be liquid at room temperature. found primarily in plant seeds. EX: olive oil and vegetable oil

trans fat

unsaturated fat with double trans C-C bond resulting in a straight molecule, as opposed to the normal double cis C-C bond that formed a bent molecule

glucose

a monosaccharide that serves as the main source of energy for cells. found in sucrose, lactose, and maltose. is the primary building block in starch and glycogen.

triglyceride

composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of glycerol

phospholipid

composed of two fatty acids attached to one molecule of glycerol. structural component of membranes in cells. do not dissolve in water, allowing them to form said membrane.

DNA

one of the two types of nucleic acids. found in the nucleus of the cell, containing info. that determines characteristics of an organism and directs all cell activity

RNA

one of two types of nucleic acids. transfers info. from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm in order to carry out protein synthesis

hemoglobin

a two-way respiratory carrier protein that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissue and facilitates the return transport of CO2

hydroxyl group

(O-H) H and O connected by a single covalent bond

carbonyl group

(C=O) C double bonded to O

carboxyl group

C double bonded to O and a hydroxyl group

amino group

N bonded to two H

the five elements of life

C, H, O, N, & P