ap world review terms (unit 5 again!)

crop rotation

crop rotation

1. alternating crops prevent soil from wearing out (nitrogen cycle)

2. clover and turnips led to growth of livestock business

3. tulips could be stored in winter

agricultural revolution

improvements in methods and technology which made it easier to grow crops —> freed rural workers to move to cities

why was the enclosure movement bad news for the average farmer in britain?

less land for the common people to work and grow food on

enclosure movement

wealthy landowners began fencing off public land (commons)

basically taking away the public land and changing it to privately owned land

this led to the small farmers/herders being forced into unemployment

what were the 2 most important natural resources of the industrial revolution?

coal and iron

precondition: geography (for why the industrial revolution began in britain)

• had many natural harbors and canals (water transport cheaper than land transport)

• rich in coal and iron ore

precondition: gov (for why the industrial revolution began in britain)

• protected businesses + helped them expand

• large merchant fleet and a navy to protect it

• colonies provided raw materials and markets

• protection of patents

precondition: economics (for why the industrial revolution began in britain)

• population growth increased demand

• colonial expansion increased national wealth

• growing class of entrpreneurs ready to invest in factories and experimentation

factory act (1833)

• banned employment of children under 9

• limited workday for children under 13 to 9 hours

• limited workday for children 13 to 18 works 12 hours

reform bill of 1867

• granted right to vote to all males in Great Britain

• eliminated all property or wealth requirements for voting (its a winnn)

education act of 1870

• gave individual towns the authority to establish public elementary schools

• this law gave many working class parents the opportunity to send their children to school for the first time

Adam Smith

introduced “Laissez-Faire” capitalism in his book “The Wealth of Nations”

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

when businesses are left to run themselves with no government intervention

1. gov regulation is minimized

2. free trade is encouraged

3. marketplace makes the rules (also called “free market economy”)

4. motivated the entrepreneurs of the Industrial Revolution

what does the government provide that capitalism does not?

protection

government’s role in laissez-faire

1. protect society from violence and invasion

2. protect citizens from injustice or oppression

3. to erect and maintain public works and public institutions

Thomas Malthus

wrote “An Essay on the Principle of Population”

An Essay on the Principle of Population

1. population will always outgrow resources

• problem can’t be solved without changing natural order (“preventive check” —> less babies)

• population is reduced thru famine, disease, and war (“positive checks” —> keeps the population limited so there is enough food to sustain them)

• poor are the cause of their own poverty

was Thomas Malthus right?

no, because we didn’t all die

Luddism

anti-technology movement where workers came together to form the Luddites and would destroy factory machines as a form of protest of this new technology

they raised an “army”, but the threat of Luddism ended by British army around 1817

examples of people who followed Utopian Socialism

Charles Fourier and Robert Owen

Charles Fourier

developed the phalanx in france

• each community had ~1600 workers

• each worker did the job for which they were best suited

• no one worked for more than 2 hours at a time

Robert Owen

set up a utopian community in Scotland

• provided his workers high wages, schools, homes, and stores

• proved it was possible to treat workers better

• opened a second community in New Harmony, IN (failed —> his goals at establishing another community were unrealistic)

true or false. during the industrial revolution, the primary “means of production” were the workers.

false, it was the factories

Socialism

a philosophy that called for public ownership of the “means of production” (factories)

types of socialism

1. Utopian Socialism

2. Electoral Socialism

3. Communism

Utopian Socialism

creation of a perfect society

Electoral Socialism

formation of political parties that promoted industrial reforms

true or false. Karl Marx believed that the only way to fix capitalism was to destroy it.

true

true or false. Marx and Engels believed that all of history has been about class struggle.

true

who wrote the communist manifesto?

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

what are the two groups Marx saw society as?

1. the “haves”: bourgeoisie (middle class)

2. the “have nots”: proletariat (working class)

note: the class with the most economic power controls the government

true or false. Marx and Engels believed that a communist revolution was inevitable.

true

proletariat revolution

1. as the proletariat grows, upheaval becomes inevitable

2. marx believed that one day the proletariat would rise up and take over the means of production (violently if necessary)

3. a “dictatorship of the proletariat” would be created

4. in marx’s “classless society,” the state would wither away

are there classes in Communism?

no

proletariat

working class

true or false. everything Marx and Engels predicted about capitalism proved to be true.

false

why was Marx wrong?

• economics isn’t the only force that shapes history

• nationalism proved a stronger link than economic class

• workers did receive aid from the gov

Communism did not take root in industrial nations, but rather agricultural nations

what agricultural nations did Communism spread to?

1. China

2. Russia

3. Cuba

what new resources led to the second industrial revolution?

steel and petroleum

what did they produce with the oil? what product did they throw out?

they produce kerosene for heat and light

gasoline was thrown away

oil was also used as a lubricant!

where are most of the world’s oil reserves today?

middle east

what company is known for oil? who was the founder?

Standard Oil Company founded by John D. Rockefeller

how is steel made? using what process?

bessemer process which removed carbon from iron efficiently

what was steel used for?

railroad tracks, farm machines, bridges, and the frames for skyscrapers

which company was the largest producer of steel in the US?

Carnegie Steel Company

name 3 inventions that improved communication

telegraph, telephone, phonograph

telegraph

• created by Samuel Morse in 1844

• 1st transatlantic cable in 1858

who invented the telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell

who invented the phonograph?

Thomas Edison

electricity (new innovation)

1. 1879 - Edison invents the light bulb

2. 1882 - Pearl Street power station (for electric lights)

3. 1900 - very few power stations (2774 stations powered 2 million lights nationwide)

4. 1904 - electric subway opens in NY

what new idea made factories faster and more efficient?

assembly line

who developed the assembly line?

Henry Ford

assembly line

1. developed by Henry Ford

2. Faster and more efficient

3. Monotonous, de-skilling of workers

nation

the people of a country

more formal: a distinct entity in which ppl in a geographic region believe themselves united by a common culture

state

the government of a country

nationalism

special awareness of and loyalty to a nation

true or false. The French people were a nation in 1815 (the year Napoleon was finally defeated).

true

true or false. The German people were a nation in 1815.

false

features of successful nationalist movements

1. “we” versus “them” (it’s easy to identify the “other”)

2. common culture

3. easily drawn boundaries

4. social classes are united

true or false. The German people were united by a common religion.

false

The German Confederation

1. 39 states populated by German-speaking people

2. divided religiously, united culturally

3. dominated by Austrian Empire (ruled by German-speakers)

what religions separated Germany? (different branches of Christianity)

protestantism and catholicism

early attempts at unification in germany

1. 1834 - Zollverein (economic alliance)

• set standard monetary system

• reduced tariffs btwn German states

2. 1848 - Frankfurt Assembly

• German states offer rule of united Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia

• Frederick refused the throne from the people b/c it was a crown from “the gutter” as it was selected for by the people

Otto von Bismarck

1. named chancellor of prussia

2. “realpolitik” - realistic politics utilized for the benefit of the state

3. “blood and iron” - the use of militarism and war to unify germany

which of the following nations did NOT control territory populated by people who spoke German?

a. Austria

b. Denmark

c. Ireland

d. France

c. Ireland

Wars of Unification (Germany)

1. 1864 - Prussia and Austria take German-speaking provinces from Denmark (decided to work together to get German speaking territory, then compete for control of it)

2. 1866 - Seven Weeks War: Prussia defeats Austria

• Prussia now unquestioned leader of German states

• United with 21 of the 39 German states

3. Franco-Prussian War: Prussia defeats France

• Prussia takes provinces of Alsace and Lorraine

• Unites with remaining German states (except Austria)

Seven Weeks War

prussia versus austria fighting to be the unquestioned leader of Germany

who wins the Seven Week War?

Prussia

Prussia and Austria worked together to take German-speaking provinces from ______

Denmark

Franco-Prussian War

fighting over the French territory Alsace and Lorraine that had a German-speaking population

who wins the Franco-Prussian war?

Prussia

true or false. Once Germany was united, it became the most powerful nation in Europe.

true

The German Empire was also known as _____

The Second Reich

true or false. The Germans were united into a single nation through peaceful negotiations.

false

how were italy and germany similar in 1815?

a. both had mostly catholic populations

b. both had democratic governments

c. neither were unified under a single government

d. neither had experienced a revolution

c. neither was unified under a single government

true or false. unlike the German people, most of the people of Italy were ruled by non-Italian leaders.

true

true or false. unlike the German people, most of the Italian people shared a common religion.

true

what common religion did Italians share?

Catholicism

Giuseppe Mazzini

founded the secret society known as Young Italy in 1830s

Young Italy

1. secret society founded by Giuseppe Mazzini

2. Mazzini wished to create an Italian republic

3. Mazzini and other leaders forced into exile after failed 1848 revolution

true or false. Unlike Germany, there was more than one architect of Italian Unification.

true

Camillo Cavour

1. prime minister of Sardinia

2. sought to unite all of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II

3. utilized “realpolitik”

4. allied with more powerful nations to promote Italian unification

Cavour used “realpolitik” similarly to which other leader?

Otto von Bismarck

Giuseppe Garibaldi

great! another giuseppe to remember..

1. military commander of “red shirts”

2. garibaldi and 1,000 men invaded Sicily and Naples in 1860

3. offered lands to Victor Emmanuel in the name of “Risorgimento”

true or false. Just like Germany, Italy was mostly united through warfare.

false

why was Italy not unified through warfare?

When Giuseppe Garibaldi came to free the other states from their foreign rulers, the people were happy to leave as they wanted Italian leaders to rule them

Italy United

1. 1860 - Northern provinces vote to unite with Sardinia

2. 1861 - New Italian parliament names Victor Emmanuel king of all Italy

3. 1866 - Austria gives Venetia to Italy

4. 1870 - Rome votes to unite with Italy

who was the “tyrant” in the National Song of Hungary?

Austria

Austrian Empire

• multi-ethnic empire that included many national minorities (Hungarians, Slavs, and Romanians, etc)

• only 25% of the population was German

• empire was weakened by German and Italian unification

true or false. The Austrian empire agreed to share power with the Hungarian Empire.

true

Dual Monarchy

1. Francis Joseph felt threatened by Hungarian (Magyar) nationalist movement

2. To prevent Magyar independence, he established the Austro-Hungarian Empire

• magyars get separate constitution and parliament

• francis joseph would rule both nations

3. Dual Monarchy only encouraged more nationalist movements

true or false. The creation of the Dual Monarchy made the national minorities of Austria happy.

false

true or false. The Ottoman Empire was nicknamed “the sick man of Europe”

true

“The Sick Man of Europe”

• The Empire lost a lot of territory in the 1800s

• 1805 - Egyptian Independence

• 1829 - Greek Independence

• 1830 - France invades Algeria

• 1853 - Russia invades the Empire

The Slavic Revolt

1. Nationalists rise up in Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania

2. Russia aids the rebels

3. 1878 - All 3 nations get independence

true or false. Nationalism led to a revolution in the Ottoman Empire.

true

The Young Turks

1. 1909 - Military officers overthrow gov

2. begin a period of reform + modernization

3. with most national minorities gone, Ottomans begin to embrace Turkish nationalism

Armenian Genocide

1. 1915-1922 : Ottoman government expelled nearly all Armenian Christians

2. As many as 1.5 million Armenians were killed