Central Nervous system (CNS)
includes the brain and spinal cord
brainstem
contains midbrain, medulla, and pons
medulla
controls vital body functions ex: heart rate, breathing
pons
control the management of sleep, arousal, facial expression
cerebellum
maintaining balance and motor coordination
cerebellum
contains more neurons than the rest of the brain
midbrain
controls sensory reflexes, movement, pain
reticular formation
controls mood, arousal, sleep; major source of serotonin and norepinephrine
thalamus
controls sensation, memory, states of consciousness; receives sensory input from most systems
basal ganglia
voluntary movement; degeneration in Parkinson's, also involved in OCD and ADHD
hypothalamus
involved w/ motivation and homeostasis; regulates temperature, hunger thirst; directs ANS and endocrine system
hippocampus
formation of long term memories
cingulate cortex
directs ANS; plays role in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward, empathy
amygdala
fear and aggression
nucleus accumbens
reward and pleasure
corpus callosum
connects hemispheres
cerebral cortex
thin layer of gray matter covering cerebral hemispheres
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex and areas responsible for most complex cognitive processes
Broca's area
speech production in left hemisphere
prefrontal cortex
planning behavior, attention, and judgement
orbitofrontal cortex
emotion, impulse control
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex
temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex
parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex (involved in neglect syndrome)
lateralization
localization of function in one of the hemispheres (Ex: language lateralized in the left hemisphere)
Peripheral Nervous System
nerves and ganglia outside the CNS; contains somatic and autonomic nervous systems
somatic nervous system
transmits commands for voluntary movement
autonomic nervous system
controls glands and organs; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight; expenditure of energy
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest; storage of energy
enteric nervous system
nerve cells embedded in lining of gastrointestinal system; communicates with endocrine system; source of 95% of boys serotonin
endocrine system
responsible for release of hormones into bloodstream; responses to input from hypothalamus
pineal gland
releases melatonin; maintenance of sleep-wake cycles
pituitary gland
master gland; stimulates activity of other glands
main parts of the neuron
soma (cell body), axons (transmit info), dendrites (receive info)
glial cells
provide structural matrix, clean up debris, form blood-brain barrier
myelin
insulating material covering axons; increase conduction
glial cells
cells that form scar tissue in the brain and spinal cord
young adulthood
The prefrontal cortex in myelinated in
action potential
electrical signal arising in a neurons axon
resting potential
electrical charge across membrane when neuron is not firing
action
The _________ potential is initiated when the membrane is depolarized to threshold
synapse
point of communication between neurons
neurotransmitter
chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse
receptor
where neurotransmitter binds
reuptake
NT reabsorbed by neuron that released it
acetylcholine
NT involved in movement, memory, ANS function
epinephrine
NT involved in arousal
norepinephrine
NT involved in arousal and vigilance; released by SNS; disruptions in PTSD and bipolar disorder
dopamine
NT involved in movement, planning, and reward; receptors die in Parkinson's, overactive in Schizophrenia
serotonin
NT involved in mood, appetite, sleep; associated with depression
endorphins
pain; opioid drugs mimic endorphins
glutamate
excitation of brain activity
GABA
inhibition of brain activity
anxiety
__________ disorders are the most common mental disorders
serious mental illness
Occurs at any time during the last year having a diagnosable, mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that causes functional impairment that interferes with at least one major life event
serious mental disturbance (SED)
Occurs in children who have been diagnosed with a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder
autism spectrum disorder
Is characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior
autism spectrum disorder
(1 out of 50 children) have this disorder
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both
11
_____ % is the Percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD
ADHD
the causes of _______ are genetic (heritability 70%), and environmental factors
1
schizophrenia affects what percentage of the population?
schizophrenia
characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition or asociality
positive symptoms
behaviors found in patients with schizophrenia but not in normal people (ex: hallucinations, delusions)
negative symptoms
behaviors found in normal people but not in schizophrenics (ex: avolition, flat affect)
sources of causality
strong genetic vulnerability (50% concordance rate in twins); environmental factors (birth month, stress)
Dopamine
abnormalities in what neurotransmitter, are associated with schizophrenia?
enlarged ventricles
abnormalities in what brain area is associated with schizophrenia?
bipolar disorder
mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
2.6
_____ % of the adult population is affected by bipolar disorder
female
what gender that is most affected by bipolar disorder?
70
concordance rates for bipolar disorder in twins is as high as ____%
major depressive disorder (MDD)
characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide
major depressive disorder (MDD)
In order to be diagnosed with ____________ at least 5 symptoms and one must be depressed mood or anhedonia (lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure)
anhedonia
lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure
7
____ % of the population is affected by MDD
females
_________ are the most affected gender affected by MDD
cognitive
___________ explanation for depression: result of a combination of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future
learning
___________ explanation for depression: reduction in positive enforcement or increase in negative outcomes
social
___________ explanation for depression: feelings of sadness and loneliness
biological
___________ explanation for depression: heritability is 40%; certain genes affecting serotonin levels
diathesis-stress model
suggests that biological vulnerabilities for a disorder interact with a person's experience of stress
anxiety
_________ is a disorder that is not proportional to a person's circumstances
30
_____ % of americans experience disorders
specific phobias
fears of specific objects or circumstances
social anxiety disorder
unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others
panic disorder
repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks
2.7
% of the population affected by panic disorder
agoraphobia
fear of open spaces, being outside the home, being in a crowd
generalized anxiety disorder
excessive anxiety for 6 months that is not correlated with a specific object
obsessive compulsive disorder
associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions
2-3
% of the population is affected by OCD
63-87
%-% is the concordance rate for OCD
body dysmorphic disorder
unrealistic perception of physical flaws
PTSD
caused by the experience of trauma, which leads to flashbacks, dreams, hyper vigilance, and avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event
personality disorder
impairments in identity, personality traits, and in establishment of empathy or intimacy
alcohol use disorder
diagnostic criteria: problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems, developed tolerance, risky behavior caused by drinking; 17 million alcohol users have alcohol use disorder
88,000
there are ___________ deaths in a year caused by excessive alcohol
marijuana
most used drug