AP GOV: Federal Administrative System

Bureaucracy

A form of organization that operates through impersonal, uniform rules and

procedures.

Bureaucrat

a career government employee

Department

Usually the largest organization in government with the largest mission; also the highest rank in Federal hierarchy.

Independent agency

A government entity that is independent of the legislative, executive, and

judicial branches.

Independent regulatory commission

A government agency or commission with regulatory

power whose independence is protected by Congress.

Government Corporation

A government agency that operates like a business corporation,

created to secure greater freedom of action and flexibility for a particular program.

Senior Executive Service

Established by Congress in 1978 as a flexible, mobile corps of

senior career executives who worked closely with presidential appointees to manage government.

Spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Merit system

A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on

demonstrated performance rather than political patronage.

Office of Personnel Management (OPM)

Agency that administers civil service laws, rules,

and regulations.

Hatch Act

Federal statute barring Federal employees from active participation in certain kinds of politics and protecting them from being fired on partisan grounds.

Implementation

The process of putting a law into practice through bureaucratic rules or

spending.

Administrative discretio

Authority given by Congress to the Federal bureaucracy to use

reasonable judgment in implementing the laws.

Regulations

The formal instructions that government issues for implementing laws.

Rule making process

The formal process for making regulations.

Uncontrollable spending

The portion of the Federal budget that is spent on programs, such as

Social Security, that the president and Congress are unwilling to cut.

Entitlement programs

Programs such as unemployment insurance, disability relief, or

disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens.

Indexing

Providing automatic increases to compensate for inflation.

Oversight

Legislative or executive review of a particular government program or organization. Can be in response to a crisis of some kind or part of routine review.

Central Clearance

Review of all executive branch testimony, reports, and draft legislation by

the Office of Management and Budget to ensure that each communication to Congress is in accordance with the president’s program.