Classics 250 - Exam 2 - Lessons 11 & 12

Respiratory system basic function

• provides the blood with oxygen

• blood carries oxygen throughout the body

• oxygen carried to blood via inspiration (breathing in)

• CO2 eliminated from blood via expiration (breathing out)

• Entire process (inspiration + expiration) = respiration

air conducting function

• trachea

• bronchi

• bronchioles

gas exchange function

• respiratory bronchioles

• alveoli

General theories on the respiratory system from ancient Greece

• pneuma is a vital substance in the air

• our bodies extract it from the air via respiration

• breathing distributes pneuma in the body

• the lungs, taking in air from outside, are vulnerable to:

  • temperature

  • moisture

  • pressure

  • particles

• Respiratory tract is shaped like inverted tree: roots at the top, branches at the bottom

• lungs pump pneuma to heart

• lungs regulate heart temperature

Hippocratic Corpus treatise On Breathes

• “wind in bodies is called “breath”; outside bodies it is called “air”

• Breath is continuous and essential

• Consists of inspiration and expiration

Aristotle significance to respiratory system

Thought that heart had 3 chambers and that all chambers connected directly to the lungs. This was incorrect, but significant because he was the first to recognize the branching system of vessels emanating from heart and connecting to lungs

Galen thoughts on respiratory system

• respiration was partially voluntary (correct)

• It was connected to speech (correct)

• fire was extinguished if air cut off (correct)

• Breathing was necessary to maintain body temperature (not too hot or too cold) (partially correct)

Respiratory system in Ancient Greek in short

The ancient Greeks got a lot correct about the human respiratory system

pneumothorax

PNEUM- = air, gas

-o- = CV

THORAX- = chest, cavity, pleural (side) cavity, thorax

posterolateral

POSTER- = behind, in back

-o- = CV

LATER- = side

-al = adjective

staphylococci

STAPHYL- = (bunch of grapes)

COCC- = (berry) (used specifically for spherical bacteria, whereas BACTER- is used for more rod-shaped bacteria)

microorganisms that cluster together like grapes

streptococci

STREPT- = twisted

COCC- = (berry)

microorganisms that form twisted chains

tracheostomy/tracheotomy

TRACH(E)- = trachea

STOM- = opening

OR

TOM- = cut

-y = noun ending

bacteriophage

BACTER(I)- (small staff) bacterium

PHAG- = eat

e- = noun ending

(sometimes just “phage”)

across the thorax

transthoracic

pneumocentesis part of speech

noun

vasovagal part of speech

adjective

atrium part of speech

noun

otorhinolaryngologist part of speech

noun

mitral part of speech

adjective

asphyxiate part of speech

verb

expire part of speech

verb

ossify part of speech

verb

bisect part of speech

verb

aspirational part of speech

adjective

abduct part of speech

verb

metabolic part of speech

adjective

a. Briefly (in 1 sentence) explain what linguistic feature the terms convalesce, crescent, and senescence have in common.

b. Analyze one of these words as a specific example, giving the prefix (if any), combining form, suffix (if any), connecting vowels (if any), and the meanings of these parts.

a. The linguistic feature the terms above have in common is that they are all inceptive verbs, which means that they all have the letters -sc- inserted in between their stem word and their ending, which indicates that the verb action is beginning to be performed.

b. crescent (adjective)

CRESC-ent

CRESC is a latin word stem that means (begin to) grow (note that this contains the "-SC," which is where the "begin to" comes from).

-ent is a verb- or adjective-forming suffix.

Originally (in the UK), an independent judicial officer who acts on behalf of the Crown (the royal family) to investigate the cause and circumstances of violent or unnatural, sudden, or unexplained deaths. Now more usually called a "medical examiner."

coroner

Briefly (in 2–3 sentences) explain the relationship between the combining form BOL- and the current meaning of the word "diabolic." Include the literal meaning of the word.

The combining form BOL- means “a throwing.” A derivative of this word/a word that contains this stem is “diabolos,” which was a word that was used to refer to the devil or Satan. When “diabolos” itself was translated into English, it become devil, but words derived from diabolos still exist in English today, one of those words being diabolic, which means devilish, and the literal meaning is “Pertaining to a throwing across/apart; dia-BOL-ic).”

Briefly (in 1 sentence) explain William Harvey's most significant contribution to our knowledge about the cardiovascular system. Include the century in which he made his contribution.

William Harvey’s most significant contribution to our knowledge about the cardiovascular system is the fact that he discovered that our circulatory system is a closed system, which describes how blood moves and circulates through the body, which he discovered during the 17th century.

"cessation of breathing, especially during sleep"

apnea

Digestion

dis-/di- = apart, away

GEST- = carry, bear

-ion = noun suffix

Literal: carry away

Actual: breakdown of food into increasingly smaller components for absorption into the body

pertaining to bile (adj.)

biliary

vomiting of fecal material (noun)

copremesis

incomplete development of the tongue (noun)

ateloglossia or hypoglossia

process by which complex substances are converted into simpler substances (i.e., broken down) (noun)

catabolism

Enzyme of gastric juice, acts as catalyst to break down protein

pepsin

Gibberish stimulating coherent speech; babbling; speaking in tongues (noun)

glossolalia

involuntary series of contractions in the walls of organs through which food passes, propelling food along (noun)

peristalsis

swallowing (noun)

degluitition

study and analysis of feces; literature using fecal imagery (noun)

scatology

dung-eating (adj.)

coprophagous

inflammation of the diverticula (small pouches formed by herniation of the wall of an organ, usually the colon) (noun)

diverticulitis

first section of the small intestine, approximately 12 inches long

duodenum

(abnormal) narrowing of the pyloric orifice (noun)

pyloric stenosis

agent that induces chemical changes in other substances without being altered itself (noun)

enzyme

The GI organ that takes its name from its fleshy consistency

pancreas

This cul-de-sac (dead end) or blind portion of the large intestine is known as the

cecum

This straight segment of the large intestine is known as the

rectum

This S-shaped segment of the large intestine is known as the

sigmoid colon

Widespread beverage named after the digestive enzyme pepsin and the kola nuts used in the recipe

pepsi-cola