select choice and gender identity

What is the traditional pattern of subject choice between genders

Boys- maths and physics

Girls- modern languages

what does the national curriculum make compulsory

National curriculum- most subjects are compulsory until the age of 16

What happens when choice is Available

When choice is available boys and girls tend to follow different gender routes

What are the statistics between gender of construction apprentices as a vocational course

Construction- 99% male 1% female

What are the statistics for retail as a vocational course

Retail- 35% male/ 65% female

what is the statistic for health, public services and care as a vocational course

Health, public services and care - 9% male / 91% female

What are the 4 reasons for gender divisions in subject choice

Early socialisation

Gender identity +peer pressure

Gender subject images

Gender career opportunities

What does Ann Oakley state what gender role socialisation is

Ann Oakley- process of learning the behaviour expected of males and females in society

What is Fiona Norman’s example of early gender socialisation

Fiona Norman- early aged girls and boys are dressed differently and given different toys

What does Eileen Byrne say on gender’s expected behaviour

Eileen Byrne-

Boys- tough and initiative

Girls- quiet, helpful not rough or noisy

What Glenys Lobban show in educational textbooks to genders

Glenys Lobban -

Boys - exploring+ heroes

Girls- cleaning and cooking

What does Murphy+Elwood say on the types of books genders read

Murphy+ Elwood -

Boys- hobby books

Girls- reading about people

What is a gender domain

Tasks and activities that boys and girls see as male or female territory

What does Browne and Ross say about socialisation to gender domain

Browne and Ross -

Early socialisation help to shape children’s beliefs about gender domains

What did Murphy’s study on how genders interpret tasks, consist of

Aims was to find how boys and girls interpret tasks differently, she done this by getting boys and girls to design board and vehicles and write estate agents adverts for a house

What was the result of Murphy’s study

Boys - battleships/sports car: focused on garage space

Girls- cruise ships/ family cars / decor and kitchen design

What was the conclusions of Murphy’s study

Boys and girls pay attention to detail

Boys focus how things are made whereas girls focus how people feel

Why is there peer pressure on gender subject choice

Children do not want to receive negative responses from peers - disapproval

What does Carrie Paetcher say on sport with gender domain

Carrie Paetcher- sport mainly seen within male gender domain girls tend to opt out of sport

What did Dewar find on girls who found interest in sports

Dewar- found male students would call girls names if they appeared interested in sports

How do science subjects introduce peer pressure

Science subjects - peer pressure is a powerful influence on gender identity and how pupils see themselves in relation to certain subjects

What are peers police

One another’s subject choices - girls and boys adopt an an appropriate gender identity

What is an advantage to pressure in single-sex

Single sex schools - absence of peer pressure from opposite sex - less pressure

What does Ann Colley say why boys prefer science and computers

Ann Colley- involves working with machines - teaching style formal work alone not in groups

What was Diana Leonard’s study on pressure on subjects

Leonard- analysed data on 13,000 individuals found that compared to pupils in mixed schools

What was the result of Diana Leonard’s study

Leonard- girls in girls schools were more likely to take maths and science A levels

While boys schools were more likely to take English and Languages

Girls from single sex schools were also more likely to study male dominated subjects at university

How are these findings by Diana Leonard’s supported

Supported by the institute of physics study

What was the statistics by the institute of physics on girls doing A level

Institute of physics - found that girls in single sex state schools were 2.4 times more likely to take A level physics than those in mixed schools

How are perceptions of physics formed outside for females

Perceptions of physics are formed outside as well as inside the classroom - lack of female physicists on television

How is women’s employment stereotypically described

Clerical

Secretarial

Personal services

Cleaning

How do working class pick vocational studies

Most working class girls doing vocational courses were ambitious to go into jobs such as childcare or hair and beauty

How does this reflect working class Habitus

These vocational choices reflect their working class Habitus their sense of what is a realistic expectation for people like us

How do ambitions arise through work experience

Ambitions may arise out of work experience placements - which are often gendered and classed

What did Fuller find on girls work experience

Fuller- found that placements in feminine, working- class jobs such as nursery and retail work were overwhelming that norm for the girls in her study- school was implicitly steering the girls towards certain jobs

How is gender identity reinforced by schools

Gender identity is reinforced in the school through the curriculum and classroom interaction between teachers and pupils and amount pupils themselves

What is Bob Connell’s hegemonic masculinity

Bob Connell- hegemonic masculinity - dominance of heterosexual masculine identity and subordinatation of female and gay identities

What did hegemonic masculinity introduce

Verbal abuse- boys often use name calling to put girls down if they behave or dress in a certain way

What did Andrew Parker find on how boys are picked on

Boys labelled, gay simply for being friendly with girls/ female teachers

How does Paetcher see name calling

Paechter- sees name calling as helping to shape gender identity and maintain male power

How do negative labels police sexual behaviour

Negative labels are ways in which pupils police each others sexual behaviour

How does Lees and Paechter argue on the link to labels and sexual behaviour

Lees+Pachtcher- argue that these labels often bear no relation to pupils actual several behaviour - reinforce gender their function is simply to nones and identities

What does Epsktein and Willis say in anti-school subcultures commenting on triers

Boys in anti-school subcultures accuse boys who try, of being gay

What is the male gaze

Male gaze- male pupils and teachers make judgements about girls appearance

What does Mac an Ghail say on what the male gaze produces

Mac an Ghail - male gaze produces dominant heterosexual masculinity reinforced and feminist devalued

What does a double standard mean

One set of moral standards for one group and different set of another group

What does Sue Lees say on double stabdards

Double standards keeps females subordinate to males- sexual conquest is approved and given status by make peers and ignored by male teachers, but ‘promiscuity’ for girls attracts negative labels

How do feminists see double standards

Feminists see these double standards as an example of patriarchal idealogies that justify male power and devalues women

How are double standards seen a s a social control

Double standards can be seen as a form of social control that reinforces gender inequality by keeping females subordinate to men

How does Archer show what female peer groups do

Archer- female peer groups is a form of policing identity for gaining status and popularity- from forming a hyper-heterosexual feminine identity

What was the tension from the transition to friendship culture to dating culture

As girls made the transition from friendship culture to dating culture tension grew through ‘an idealised feminine identity’ and a sexualised identity

What is an idealised feminine identity

Showing loyalty to female peer groups

What is a sexualised identity

Involved in competing for boys in the dating culture

How does Currie show why girls have to balance both identities

Currie - girls who are too competitive and/ or think themselves as better than their peers’ risk ‘slut shaming’ and being excluded from the friendship culture- but girls who do not compete for boyfriends face ‘frigid shaming’

What is a Boffin identity

Girls who want to be successful educationally may feel the need to conform to the schools notion of the ideal feminine identity