Intro to Psych

aristotle

Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality

charles darwin

Studied the evolution of finches and expands his study to include humans.

charles darwin

Opposed religious teachings of the time by suggesting that man was a common ancestor to lower species.

wilhelm wundt

father or psychology

wilhelm wundt

Intended to make psychology a reputable science.

leipzig germany

where does wilhem wundt from?

wilhelm wundt

most of his experiments on sensation and perception.

wilhelm wundt

Did not think that high order mental processes could be studied experimentally.

american psychological association

the governing body of all research not conducted by universities.

g. stanley hall

First president of the APA, established the first psychological lab in the U.S. in 1883, at Johns Hopkins University.

g. stanley hall

Started the American Psychological Journal ( 1887) now the American Journal of Psychology

american psychological journal 1887 or american journal of psychology

what does g stanley hall started?

introspection

Looking inward at one's own mental processes.

e.b. titchener

Taught at Cornell University. Studied nature of mental experiences.

e.b. titchener

the wone who made Structuralism

Structuralism

Analyze sensations, images and feelings into their most basic elements.

william james 1842-1910

Claimed that searching for building blocks was a waste of time because brain and mind are constantly changing: focused on function.

william james 1842-1910

who made functionalism

functionalism

Underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies: "Stream of Consciousness."

william james 1842-1910

who expanded psychology to animal behavior

eclecticism

Utilizing of diverse theories and schools of thought.

eclecticism

Mosaic, no single approach can create the whole picture.

behavioristic theory

Expanded psychology into many groups that could not be studied by introspection. All behavior is observable and measurable. Abandoned mentalism for behaviorism

ivan pavlov 1849-1936

Russian experimenter who showed automatic/involuntary behavior in learned responses to specific stimuli in the environment.

ivan pavlov 1849-1936

created classical conditioning

john watson 1913

Psychology can never be as objective as chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not that easy.

john watson 1913

who said "I can take a child and make him into anything, a beggar, a doctor, a thief."

b.f. skinner 1950

Dismissed importance of inherited traits and instincts about human behavior. Private events can be studied as long as they are treated as a form of behavior, many experiments with learning and memory.

b.f. skinner

Believed that all behavior is a result of rewards and punishments in the past.

social learning theory

How people acquire new behaviors by observing and imitating others (modeling)

criticisms

Excluded all behavior that cannot be seen. All behavior cannot be explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as if they have no free-will.

psychoanalytic theory

digging below the surface to uncover the roots of personality

ivan pavlov 1849-1936, john watson 1913, b.f. skinner 1950

who are in the behaviorism

social learning theory and criticisms

what are the two behavioristic theory

sigmund freud 1856-1939

Studied neurology, but wanted to be a medical researcher, forced into being a private physician.

sigmund freud 1856-1939

Became convinced that patients difficulties were due to mental rather than physical problems. ◼ Proposed that distress due to problems that dated back to childhood

psychoanalysis

Freud's method for treating people with emotional problems, free association

unconscious

Nearly all of our impulses are sexual and aggressive in nature. Because we cannot accept them in our conscious, thoughts find their expression in dreams, slips of the tongue that appear as accidents, and even jokes

interpretation of dreams 1900

what is the name of the book sigmund freud wrote

aggressive energy

Basic human instinct lodged in unconscious; the duty of society is to get people to channel their aggressive energy into productive activity.

hidden desires

Freud stated that people are "cesspools of hidden desires.

unresolved conflicts

If these occur in childhood, this will cause fixations in later life.

oral birth - 1 yr, anal 1 yr, phallic 4 yrs, latency - puberty, genital - adult

freuds stages

id, ego, superego

3 personalities

pleasure principle

id wants/desires

reality principle

ego comes from what

superego

conscious mind "do the right thing"

psychoanalytic theory criticisms

Does not focus on observable behavior, negative viewpoint of mankind because actions are provoked by unconscious thoughts, cannot be scientifically proven or disproven.

psychoanalytic theory criticisms

Ignores political and social explanations of people's problems.

psychodynamic theory

Currently focuses on perceptions, memories, and thinking in our unconscious

existentialism 1950-1960

Emphasize free-will, people not completely ruled by environment or past experience, able to control one's own choices and destinies to achieve full human potential.

abraham maslow

Hierarchy of Needs: People's struggle is to be the best they possibly can, known as self-actualization.

Hierarchy of Needs

People's struggle is to be the best they possibly can, known as self-actualization.

carl rogers

Former minister; believed all people strive for perfection; some interrupted by a bad environment

human potential

Everyone striving to reach their highest potential

humanistic theory criticisms

Believes all people are good and that people have the ability to heal themselves. Too vague, more of a philosophy for life than a psychology.

biopsychological (neurobiological)

Seeks to understand the nervous system. All actions, feelings associated with the nervous system.

wilhelm wundt

Expected psychology to rest almost solely on Anatomy and Biology.

roger sperry

who won the nobel prize for his split brain research

nervous system

Responsible for our behavior; Specifically abnormal and immediate responses

anatomy/biology

solely responsible for human behavior

biopsychological criticism

Ignores mental processes. Explains too little of human behavior, rejects environmental influences.

thinking

how mental thoughts affect behavior. Humanism gives rise to the Cognitive Theory.

jean piaget

studies children's cognitive development.

thought processes

Can infer mental processes from observable behavior.

gestalt psychology

means "pattern" or "configuration." Studies how people interpret sensory information in order to acquire knowledge.

cognitive theory criticism

Downplays emotion, too mentalistic, hard to decide between competing cognitive explanations.

sociocultural psychology

Examines how cultural and political (religious) experience effect our everyday life.

cultural values/political systems

How norms and social influences affect behavior.

ambition/goals/values

Environments influence on one's long-term ambitions

sociocultural psychology criticism

Underestimated personal and overestimated social influences on our behavior. Makes broad generalizations about ethnic groups and cultures

pure psychology

formulates broad principles, brings out theories and suggest methods and techniques for the study of human behaviour.

pure psychology and applied psychology

Based on the nature of studies going on in the field of psychology, it can be divided into two broad categories.

general psychology, abnormal psychology, development psychology, social psychology, cognitive psychology, para psychology

what are those in the pure psychology

educational psychology, clinical psychology, industrial psychology. forensic psychology, military psychology, political psychology

what are those in the applied psycholoy

General Psychology

it deals with the study of the behaviour of a normal adult

abnormal psychology

It is the study of the abnormal behaviour and psychopathology

development psychology

It studies the behaviour of an individual from birth to old age in relation to the process and products of growth and development

social psychology

This branch of psychology deals with social behaviour and inter-relationships of people among themselves

cognitive psychology

It deals with the study of human thought processes and cognitions.

para psychology

It deals with the study of extra- sensory perception, precognition, cases of claimed rebirth, telepathy and allied phenomena

educational psychology

Study of human behaviour and experiences in relation to education environment.

clinical psychology

It deals with the application of clinical methods on the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of mental disorder.

industrial psychology

Deals with the application of psychological principles and techniques for the study of human behaviour in relation to business environment.

forensic psychology

It focuses on using psychological research and principles in the legal and criminal justice system

military psychology

It deals with the application of psychological principles and techniques in the field of military activities

political psychology

It deals with the application of body of psychological knowledge in studying the art of diplomacy and deriving political gains.

psyche

a mortal woman whose beauty was so great that it rivaled that of the goddess Aphrodite.

psychology

the scientific study of the mind

scientific theory

a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time.

hypothesis

not just any explanation; it should fit into the context of a scientific theory.

theory

the researcher then makes observations or, better still, carries out an experiment to test the validity of the hypothesis.

1800s

when was psychology became accepted as its own academic discipline

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, cognitivism, gestalt, humanism, psychoanalytic

schools of thoughts in psychology

structuralism

the first school of psychology, and fovused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components

edward titchner, weber and fechner

some of the notable structuralists.

structuralism

based on introspection

functionalism

formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James, father of American psychology.

william james

whos the father of american psychology

psych (mind/soul) logos (study)

origin of psychology