Organic Compounds and Reactions

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to organic compounds and reaction types discussed in the lecture.

Functional Groups

Amino (NH2), carbonyl (RCOR), carboxyl (COOH), hydroxyl (OH), phosphate (PO4), sulfhydryl (SH).

Fat

Glycerol + 3 fatty acids.

Saturated Fat

Bad for you; animals and some plants have it; solidifies at room temperature.

Unsaturated Fat

Better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temperature.

Steroids

Lipids whose structures resemble chicken-wire fence; include cholesterol and sex hormones.

Phospholipids

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group; make up membrane bilayers of cells; have hydrophobic interiors and hydrophilic exteriors.

Carbohydrates

Used by cells for energy and structure; monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), storage polysaccharides (starch [plants], glycogen [animals]), structural polysaccharides (chitin [fungi], cellulose [arthropods]).

Proteins

Made with the help of ribosomes out of amino acids; serve many functions (e.g., transport, enzymes, cell signals, receptor molecules, structural components, and channels).

Enzymes

Catalytic proteins that react in an induced-fit fashion with substrates to speed up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy; effectiveness is affected by changes in pH, temperature, and substrate and enzyme concentrations.

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitor resembles substrate and binds to active site.

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Inhibitor binds elsewhere on enzyme; alters active site so that substrate cannot bind.

pH

Logarithmic scale

Hydrolysis Reaction

Breaks down compounds by adding water.

Dehydration Reaction

Two components brought together, producing H₂O.

Endergonic Reaction

Reaction that requires input of energy.

Exergonic Reaction

Reaction that gives off energy.

Redox Reaction

Electron transfer reactions.