Studied by 2 people
Writer Karawynn Long
________ used shaping, reinforcement, and classical conditioning to train her cat to use the toilet in her bathroom instead of a litter box.
Köhler
________ found evidence of insight, the sudden perception of the relationships among elements of a problem, in chimpanzees.
Instinctive drift
________: tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.
Antecedent stimuli
________ are important in forming an association.
Thorndike
________ developed the Law of Effect: A response followed by a pleasurable consequence will be repeated, but a response followed by an unpleasant consequence will not be repeated.
Discriminative stimuli
________ are cues, such as a flashing light on a police car or a sign on a door that says "Open, "that provides information about what response to make in order to obtain reinforcement.
Reinforcement
________: any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.
CS
The conditioned stimulus (________) begins as a neutral stimulus, but when paired with the unconditioned stimulus eventually begins to elicit the reflex on its own.
reinforcement of successive approximations
Shaping is the ________ to some final goal, allowing the behavior to be molded from simple behavior already present in the organism.
cognitive perspective
The ________ asserts that the CS has to provide some kind of information or expectancy about the coming of the UCS in order for conditioning to occur.
Punishment
________ is any event or stimulus that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.
Neurofeedback
________: form of biofeedback using brain- scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.
unpleasant consequences
Operant conditioning: the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and ________ to responses.
End result
________ is an increase in the rate of an already occurring response.
Pavlov
________ accidentally discovered the phenomenon in which one stimulus can, through pairing with another stimulus, come to produce a similar response.
cognition
________ learning theory states that learning requires ________, or the influence of an organism's thought processes.
Skinner
________ developed the concept of reinforcement, the process of strengthening a response by following it with a pleasurable, rewarding consequence.
instinctual pattern
Although an animal may change its behavior at first through conditioning, the behavior will revert to the ________ in a process called instinctive drift.
generalization
Extinction, ________ and discrimination, and spontaneous recovery also occur in operant conditioning.
Token economy
________: type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.
Bandura
________ determined that four elements needed to be present for observational learning to occur: attention, memory, imitation, and motivation.
taste aversions
Conditioned ________ occur when an organism becomes nauseated sometimes after eating a certain food, which then becomes aversive to the organism.
BF Skinner
________ named the learning of voluntary responses operant conditioning because voluntary responses are what we use to operate in the world around us.
sudden perception of relationships
Insight: the ________ among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.
expectancy
A(n) ________ develops for reinforcement to follow a correct response.
pleasurable stimulus
In punishment by removal, a response is followed by the removal of some ________, such as taking away a child's toy for misbehavior.
Observational learning
________ is learning through watching others perform, or model, certain actions.
Negative reinforcement
________: the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.
Law of Effect
________: law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.
Positive reinforcement
________: the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.
unpleasant stimulus
Punishment by application: the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of a(n) ________.
Instinctive drift
________: tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically con trolled patterns.
End result
________ is the creation of a new response to a stimulus that did not normally produce that response.
Neurofeedback
________ is a version of biofeedback in which the connected to an electroencephalograph, a machine that records the person is brain's electrical activity.
Pavlov
________ paired a sound with the presentation of food to dogs and discovered several principles for classical conditioning: The neutral stimulus (NS) and UCS must be paired several times and the CS must precede the UCS by only a few seconds.
Token economies
________ are a type of behavior modification in which secondary reinforcers, or tokens, are used.
Punishment
________ can be made more effective by making it immediate and consistent and by pairing ________ of the undesirable behavior with reinforcement of the desirable one.
pleasurable stimulus
Punishment by removal: the punishment of a response by the removal of a(n) ________.
Punishment
________: any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.
Neurofeedback
________: form of biofeedback using brain- scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.
Token economy
________: type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.
Pavlov paired a sound with the presentation of food to dogs and discovered several principles for classical conditioning
The neutral stimulus (NS ) and UCS must be paired several times and the CS must precede the UCS by only a few seconds
Thorndike developed the Law of Effect
A response followed by a pleasurable consequence will be repeated, but a response followed by an unpleasant consequence will not be repeated
Bandura determined that four elements needed to be present for observational learning to occur
attention, memory, imitation, and motivation
Law of Effect
law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
operant
any behavior that is voluntary
reinforcement
any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
primary reinforcer
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch
secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
negative reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Something valued or desirable-Positive Reinforcement-Example
getting a gold star for good behavior in school
-Something unpleasant-Punishment by Application -Example
getting a spanking for disobeying
-Something valued or desirable-Punishment by Removal-Example
losing a privilege such as going out with friends
punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
punishment by application
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
punishment by removal
the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
positive reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus
operant conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses
successive approximations
small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior
discriminative stimulus
any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
variable interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
partial reinforcement effect
the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction
continuous reinforcement
the reinforcement of each and every correct response
fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
instinctive drift
tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
behavior modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
token economy
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
applied behavior analysis (ABA)
is a modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
biofeedback
using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control
neurofeedback
form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
shaping
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
instinctive drift
tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically con trolled patterns
variable interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
partial reinforcement effect
the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction
continuous reinforcement
the reinforcement of each and every correct response
fixed interval schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
successive approximations
small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior
discriminative stimulus
any stimulus , such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
variable ratio schedule of reinforcement
schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event
shaping
the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
behavior modification
the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
token economy
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
applied behavior analysis (ABA)
modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
biofeedback
using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control
neurofeedback
form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
learning/performance distinction
referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior
learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
observational learning
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
latent learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
insight
the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
