AP Psychology: Chapter 5: Learning

Writer Karawynn Long

________ used shaping, reinforcement, and classical conditioning to train her cat to use the toilet in her bathroom instead of a litter box.

Köhler

________ found evidence of insight, the sudden perception of the relationships among elements of a problem, in chimpanzees.

Instinctive drift

________: tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

Antecedent stimuli

________ are important in forming an association.

Thorndike

________ developed the Law of Effect: A response followed by a pleasurable consequence will be repeated, but a response followed by an unpleasant consequence will not be repeated.

Discriminative stimuli

________ are cues, such as a flashing light on a police car or a sign on a door that says "Open, "that provides information about what response to make in order to obtain reinforcement.

Reinforcement

________: any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again.

CS

The conditioned stimulus (________) begins as a neutral stimulus, but when paired with the unconditioned stimulus eventually begins to elicit the reflex on its own.

reinforcement of successive approximations

Shaping is the ________ to some final goal, allowing the behavior to be molded from simple behavior already present in the organism.

cognitive perspective

The ________ asserts that the CS has to provide some kind of information or expectancy about the coming of the UCS in order for conditioning to occur.

Punishment

________ is any event or stimulus that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

Neurofeedback

________: form of biofeedback using brain- scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

unpleasant consequences

Operant conditioning: the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and ________ to responses.

End result

________ is an increase in the rate of an already occurring response.

Pavlov

________ accidentally discovered the phenomenon in which one stimulus can, through pairing with another stimulus, come to produce a similar response.

cognition

________ learning theory states that learning requires ________, or the influence of an organism's thought processes.

Skinner

________ developed the concept of reinforcement, the process of strengthening a response by following it with a pleasurable, rewarding consequence.

instinctual pattern

Although an animal may change its behavior at first through conditioning, the behavior will revert to the ________ in a process called instinctive drift.

generalization

Extinction, ________ and discrimination, and spontaneous recovery also occur in operant conditioning.

Token economy

________: type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.

Bandura

________ determined that four elements needed to be present for observational learning to occur: attention, memory, imitation, and motivation.

taste aversions

Conditioned ________ occur when an organism becomes nauseated sometimes after eating a certain food, which then becomes aversive to the organism.

BF Skinner

________ named the learning of voluntary responses operant conditioning because voluntary responses are what we use to operate in the world around us.

sudden perception of relationships

Insight: the ________ among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly.

expectancy

A(n) ________ develops for reinforcement to follow a correct response.

pleasurable stimulus

In punishment by removal, a response is followed by the removal of some ________, such as taking away a child's toy for misbehavior.

Observational learning

________ is learning through watching others perform, or model, certain actions.

Negative reinforcement

________: the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

Law of Effect

________: law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

Positive reinforcement

________: the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.

unpleasant stimulus

Punishment by application: the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of a(n) ________.

Instinctive drift

________: tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically con trolled patterns.

End result

________ is the creation of a new response to a stimulus that did not normally produce that response.

Neurofeedback

________ is a version of biofeedback in which the connected to an electroencephalograph, a machine that records the person is brain's electrical activity.

Pavlov

________ paired a sound with the presentation of food to dogs and discovered several principles for classical conditioning: The neutral stimulus (NS) and UCS must be paired several times and the CS must precede the UCS by only a few seconds.

Token economies

________ are a type of behavior modification in which secondary reinforcers, or tokens, are used.

Punishment

________ can be made more effective by making it immediate and consistent and by pairing ________ of the undesirable behavior with reinforcement of the desirable one.

pleasurable stimulus

Punishment by removal: the punishment of a response by the removal of a(n) ________.

Punishment

________: any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

Neurofeedback

________: form of biofeedback using brain- scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

Token economy

________: type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens.

Pavlov paired a sound with the presentation of food to dogs and discovered several principles for classical conditioning

The neutral stimulus (NS ) and UCS must be paired several times and the CS must precede the UCS by only a few seconds

Thorndike developed the Law of Effect

A response followed by a pleasurable consequence will be repeated, but a response followed by an unpleasant consequence will not be repeated

Bandura determined that four elements needed to be present for observational learning to occur

attention, memory, imitation, and motivation

Law of Effect

law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated

operant

any behavior that is voluntary

reinforcement

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need, such as hunger, thirst, or touch

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

- Something valued or desirable-Positive Reinforcement-Example

getting a gold star for good behavior in school

-Something unpleasant-Punishment by Application -Example

getting a spanking for disobeying

-Something valued or desirable-Punishment by Removal-Example

losing a privilege such as going out with friends

punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

punishment by application

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

punishment by removal

the punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

positive reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus

operant conditioning

the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

successive approximations

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

discriminative stimulus

any stimulus, such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

continuous reinforcement

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

instinctive drift

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

is a modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

biofeedback

using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

neurofeedback

form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

shaping

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

instinctive drift

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically con trolled patterns

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

partial reinforcement effect

the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction

continuous reinforcement

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

successive approximations

small steps in behavior, one after the other, that lead to a particular goal behavior

discriminative stimulus

any stimulus , such as a stop sign or a doorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event

shaping

the reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

biofeedback

using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control

neurofeedback

form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

learning/performance distinction

referring to the observation that learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior

learned helplessness

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

observational learning

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

latent learning

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful

insight

the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly