Bio191L Midterm UNLV - Essential Facts

DKPCOFGS?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Kinds of Phylogenetic trees?

Cladogram, Phylogram(Evolution), Chronogram(Time)

Traits of Phylogenetic trees?

Pleisiomorphic(Shared traits from common ances), Synapomorphic(Shared derived traits), Apomorphic(Unique trait)

Ways to group in phylogenetic trees?

Monophyletic(Ances and all desc.), Paraphyletic(Ances and some desc.), Polyphyletic(No common desc.)

Main bacteria shapes?

Bacillus(Rod), Coccus(Spheres), Spirillium(Spiral rod)

Gram-stain positive characteristics? Negative?

Positive = Purple (Thicker)

Negative = Pink (Thinner)

Protists groups?

Fungus-like SLIME MOLDS, animal-like PROTOZOA, plant-like ALGAE

What is Physarum?

A slime mold that uses cytoplasmic streaming.

What is an Amoeba?

A protozoa that uses pseudopodia for motility.

What is a Euglena?

A protozoa that has flagella and an eyespot.

What is a Paramecium?

A protozoa that has 2 nuclei.

4 Fungal Phyla?

Chytridiomycota(Chytrids), Ascomycota(Sac fungi), Basidiomycota(Club fungi), Zygomycota(Bread mold)

3 types of lichens?

crustose, foliose, fruticose

Two types of mycorrhizae?

ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae

Example of an asymmetrical phylum?

Porifera (sponges)

Example of a diploblastic phylum?

Phylum Cnidaria (Hydra, jellyfish, coral, anemones)

Example of an acoelomate phylum?

Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

Example of a pseudocoelomate phylum?

Phylum Nematoda (Nematodes)

Example of a coelomate phylum?

Phylum Mollusca (snail, slugs, limpets) and Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)

Phylum and Subphylum of Limulus?

Phylum Arthropoda; Subphylum Chelicerata

Phylum and subphylum of crabs, shrimp, and lobster?

Arthropoda; Crustacea

Phylum and subphylum of class Insecta?

Arthropoda; Hexapoda

Classes within Phylum Echinodermata?

Ophiuroidea - Brittle Stars

Crinoidea - Sealilies, feather stars

Echinoidea - Sea urchins, sea dollars

Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers

Asteroidea - Sea stars

Sea Stars have what kind of system and name 5 of its major body structures.

Uses a water-vascular system and has:

madreporite

stone canal (under madreporite top)

tube feet

ampulla

ring canal

What's a dichotomous key?

a tool used to identify organisms

What's a saprotroph?

Bacteria or fungi that uses external digestions for absorption; may use digestive enzymes to break down.

Traits of a prokaryotic cell?

Circular, double-stranded DNA; no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles.

Your typical bacterial cell has what components/structures?

Nucleoid, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, cell wall(peptidoglycan), pili, flagella, glycocalyx.

Kingdom Protista uses what kind of grouping?

Paraphyletic grouping

3 characteristics that protists CAN have?

Unicellular, Filamentous(multiple cells strung together), Colonial(multiple cells; metabolically independent)

Brief description of these types of reproduction:

Isogamous?

Heterogamous?

Oogamous?

Isogamous - Both male and female gametes identical in size and motility.

Heterogamous - Both gametes are motile; larger female.

Oogamous - Larger female that is non-motile; motile-male.

Who benefits and who gets harmed in these types of symbiotic relationships?

Parasitism?

Mutualism?

Commensalism?

Parasitism - One benefits, the other gets harmed.

Mutualism - Both benefit.

Commensalism - One benefits, the other is unaffected.

Fungi cell walls are made of what?

Chitin

Cell walls that separate cells in fungi?

Septate

Plasmogamy = ?

Karyogamy = ?

Plasmogamy = Cytoplasmic fusion

Karyogamy = Nuclei fusion

Can fungi be sexual or asexual?

Both!

T/F: Are kingdom animalia heterotrophic, require O2, and all reproduce sexually?

False! Some can reproduce asexually.

T/F: Invertebrates do not have backbones.

True!

4 factors to consider when analyzing invertebrates?

- Symmetry

- Tissue Organization

- Body Cavity

- Embryonic Development

No body cavity; has digestive cavity. (flatworms)

An acoelomate.

Body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm, separating gut from body wall. (nematodes)

Pseudocoelomate

Body cavity is lined with mesoderm, anchoring the gut to the wall. (earthworm)

Coelomate

What phylum has bilateral symmetry, segmentation, jointed appendages, and protostomes?

Phylum Arthropoda

What phylum has bilateral larvae and radial adults, deuterostomes, and water-vascular systems?

Phylum Echinodermata

Main structures/components of a typical fungi?

Fruiting body, spores, mated hyphae, unmated mycelium. (Note that fungi can also be unicellular)