Antebellum Empire and the Indian Removal
Antebellum Empire
- 1800s-1840s, United States expansion driven from the top and the bottom
- top-down: elite United States officials worked to add new territory
- bottom-up: ordinary people pressured the government officials and migrated on independently
- they often crossed national borders
- legally and illegally
- Los Angeles, Montana, Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Oregon, and California, all had Anglo- American populations before becoming United States territory
- this accelerated during 1849s: 1845-52, the United States seized or purchased 1.2 million square miles
- by then, there were two different rival visions for expansion:
- south: wanted to build an empire to protect, benefit, and expand southern slavery
- north: wanted “free soil” expansion to provide an opportunity for white men
- they viewed expanding slavery as a threat
Indian Dispossession and Removal in the Southeast
- 1830-50, an estimated 60,000 Native people were expelled to the West
- Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Cherokees, and Seminoles were all tribes that were expelled into the West
- a key turning point was the 1830 Indian Removal Act
- Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, and some Seminoles signed removal treaties
- they ceded eastern homelands for new lands in the Indian territory
- most of the Cherokees and a significant number of the Seminoles refused