Midterm

Enviromental Science Lab

Rule 1

No eating, drinking, and cell phones

Rule 2

closed toed shoes

Role 3a

Gloves

Rule 3B

Goggles

Eye Wash location

• one at sink&n green hold near sink back of room

Safety Shower location

- left second hallway
- sets of fire alarm

First Aid Kit Location

• cabinent in front of room

Fire extinguisher location

• on the wall to the left of exit door

Glass Displosal

• notifiy insutrctor 

Spill Kit

• notifiy instructor

Routs of Exposure

- Contact/Skin Absorption
- Injection
- Ingestion
- Inhalation

MSDS

- Material Safety Data Sheets
- tells what hazards and what to do with exposure
In blue binder next to front door

Enviromental Ethics

Moral principles that guide our actions with enviroment and biota

When was field of enviromental ethics created?

1960 and 1970s

Intrinsic value

Value a thing in itself
ex. beauty of a tree or habitat

Extrinsic Value

Momentary or quantifible value
ex. tree's bark creates a lot of paper

Host Plant Specialists

Those adapted to the chemical defenses of specific plants

What is the relationship between native insects and non-native plants

Most native insects will not eat non-native plants (host plant specialists)

What is a native plant

One that has evolved withtin the local food web & exists with other plants and animals within that web

What organism that runs the world

INSECTS!

What can icnrease in native insect diversity have on an ecosystem?

Increase in native plant diversity
(Native insects are adapted to chemical defenses of native plants - Host Plant Specialists)

Scientific Method

• Observe
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Conclude
• Share Results

or 

1. Observe
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiemnt
4. Analyze
5. Conclude/Report
6. Share findings

What is a hypothesis?

Statement providing a tentative answer that is falsifiable
(only support or disarpove can not prove)

Research hypothesis 

prediction of what is causing an event

Null hypothesis

negation of research hypothesis

Research hypothesis example (fertilizer algae growth)

fertilizer will cause an icnrease in algae growth in ponds

Null Hypotheis ex

Fertilizer will not increase algae growth in ponds

what word is required for a null hypothesis

NOT

Independent variable

Manipulated variable to cause an effect response/ change

Dependent variable

The one effected, respoive, or changed as a result of independent var

Control Variable

un-manipulated; comparison/baseline
ex. pond water w/o fertilizer

When p-value < 0.05

reject null hypothesis

When p>0.05

Fail to reject null hypothesis

3 types of signficance

- statistical
- biological/ecological
- social

Why is it important to include replicates in experiments

To account for natural vairation

What were the two of the books/articles that launced the enviromental movement

- Tragedy of the commons
- THE land ethic

Why do native insects require native plants

They have evolved together over 1000s of generations

What indicates an article is scholarly

- written by one
- headings and subjeadings
- plain looking
- no ads
- publiction type
structure

What is envirometnal science

the study of relationships of the natural world and the relationships between organisms and their surrounding enviroment

Metaethics

- where our pricniples orginate
ex. parents

Normative Ethics

• golden rule; set of moral standareds that guide real world decisions 

Appleid ethics

• how our moral standards guide decisions 

Enviromental Ethics (def)

• the discipline that extends our personal moral principles form hhuman interactions to the non human world

4 types of ethics

- metaethics
- normative ethics
- applied ethics
- enviromental ethics

Ecosystem services

acts done by nature due to normal functioning of ecosystems

3 sustaibality topics

- social (3 people)
- economic (profit)
- enviromental (planet)
SEE 3 P's

19th century 

- 1billion ppl reached
people began to value nature
- Thorea, Holmes, Muir, and Roosevelt

20th century

• growng debates

Tragedy of the Commons (1968)

- by Garret Hardin
- sustainability sharing resources is the only way a growing population can operate
- •If an individual, community, company, or country overuses a resource it rapidly declines

NEPA

National Enviromental Policy Act

NEPA purpose

• requires federal agecies to evaluate enviromental effects of their actions

NEPA results

Requires envirometnal assessments and enviromental impact assesments to be done

CAA

Clean air act

CAA prupose

Control air pollution, air quality, ozone, motor vehcle fule standards

CAA result

Us EFA permits required for emission of pollutants and air quality standards

CWA

Clean water act

CWA purpose

Resotre and miaintan the intergrioty of waterways

CWA results

improvements in water treatment plants, require permits for point source pollution

ESA

Endagnered Species Act

ESA purpose

designed to protect specise that are deemed to be at risk for extinction

ESA result

requires consultation with fish and wildlife services to create strategies to protect threatened species. 

20th century - sand county almanac

"- We can't

prevent using Earth's resources</span><div><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">We </span><u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">can</span></u><span style=""font-weight: bold;"">

preserve natural environments</span></div>"

20th Century - silent spring

- warned the dangers of pesticides 
- sepcifcally DDT

EPA 

20th centyr

What is sustaibality

Using the Earth's resources in a way that maintains the integrity of those resources for generations to come

Independent t-test

determine if the difference between control and treated sample is statistically significantly different 

Should we solely rely on statistics

no bc it cant show if results are biologically or socially signfianct

What is alpha lvl

the level of significance 

What does photosynthesis use

sunlight, carbon dioxide, water

Photosythesis products

glucose and oxygen

cellular resiprations reactants

glucose and oxygen

cellular respiration products

• carbon dioxide and glucose and energy

Where does photosynthesis occur and how

cloroplasts through cholopyll

What is sequested carbon

Carbon found in living tissue and organic matter

What is proxy for photosytnesis

DO or disolved oxygen

Water with low Do (2-3)

• hypoxic

no DO

• anoxic

Diurnal DO cycle

DO higher in day bc of light that allows for photosyntehsis and low at night bc it has to do cellular resipration

carbon cycle

flow of carbon between the abiotic to biotic organisms

Why is carbon cycle importaant

Helps us understand global enrivomental challanges such as climate change, food production, and building resources

autortophs/primary producers

aquire carbon from the atmosphere to producre their own organism molecules/food

What are the most abundant and important autotrophs

green plants and cyanobacteria

photosynthesis

a chemical reaction that uses water, solar energy, and co2 to make glucose and o2

chlorplasts

Site of photosynthesis

chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

heterotrophs/consumers

organisms that cannot make their own food, and must obtain carbon found in glucose by eating other organisms

celluar respiration

converts carbon and oxygen to energy co2 and water

Mitochondria

An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

atp

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

sequestered carbon

carbon stored in living tissue and organic matter

what can sequestered carbon measuere from plant growth

co2 gas in the amosphere

what creates fossil fuels

products of photosynthesis that occurred millions of years aog

anthropogenic actions

Human activities impacting the environment.

greenhouse gasses

Gasses such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere and affect Earth's climate.

photoplankton

small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface of the ocean

• made of cyanobacteria and algae

DO

disolved oxygen

Winkler Titration Method

measuring dissolved oxygen