APUSH REVIEW

currently have units 1-3

Describe Native American tribes in the Great Plains

 These tribes were largely nomadic (moved from place to place), hunter gatherer types and followed the buffalo, their main food source. They used Plains Indian Sign Language (PSL) to communicate with other Great Plains tribes. Examples of tribes include the Cheyenne and the Crow people.

Describe Native American tribes in the Northeast:

Describe Native American tribes in the Northeast: Native Americans in this area often cultivated maize, squash and beans. They lived in longhouses where many families could share. The Iroquois and the Wampanoag lived in this area.

Describe Native American tribes in the Pacific Coast:

 This area contained a diverse set of tribes and languages, and had a high density of people. Many practiced fishing, hunting and forest gardening. Chumash and Cahuilla are examples

Describe Native American tribes in the Midwest:

•  Some were more nomadic and others settled more permanently. Many of them traded between each other in large networks. One example is the Odawa people.

Describe Native American tribes in the Southwest:

• Many tribes here lived in villages and practiced farming. The Pueblo people are an example, a group of related tribes that had some differences between them. They built large villages of multi-story houses. They farmed maize and had advanced irrigation systems. 

What were the ‘Three Sisters’?

• Maize, beans and squash. Crops commonly grown among Native American tribes like the Pueblo people. 

What was the Columbian Exchange?

• The trade of food, animals, human populations, diseases, etc., between the Native population of the New World and the European population of the Old World. Wheat, barley and rice were brought into the Americas and maize and potatoes were brought into Europe. Animals like horses were brought into America which helped with plowing and new transportation options. Gold and silver found in the Americas was sent to Europe. However, the transfer of European diseases, such as measles, into America, which Native Americans had never been in contact with previously, led Native Americans to be killed in high numbers.

What were the goals for Spanish colonization?

•  Convert indigenous people to Christianity, find gold and silver, and produce crops to sell (using the encomienda system described shortly). 

What were the goals for Dutch colonization?

• Form alliances with Native Americans to trade with them.

What were the goals for French colonization?

• Form alliances with Native Americans to trade with them (especially for fur).

What were the goals for English colonization?

• Escape bad economic conditions in England, religious freedom, supply England with raw materials, create colonies.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?

• Decided how the new territory found outside of Europe would be divided between Spain and Portugal. 

What was the encomienda system?

• A Spanish colonial institution in the Americas that granted a number of Native Americans to a Spanish colonist where the enslaved Natives were forced to do work like farm for the colonist and led to overwork and hash conditions.

What were indentured servants?

• Colonists that wanted to leave Europe and come to America but could not afford it agreed to anywhere between 3 - 7 years of labor and freedom afterwards. If they had money saved up, they would buy land.  

How did Atlantic Slave Trade emerge? What were its ‘positives’ compared to using indentured servants or Native Americans for labor?

•  The Atlantic Slave Trade developed as European colonies in the Americas sought a stable labor force for plantations and mining. After the arrival of Europeans, large numbers of Native Americans died from Old World diseases, warfare, and harsh labor, creating a severe labor shortage. Initially, some colonists used indentured servants from Europe, but this supply was limited and servants eventually gained their freedom. Colonists then increasingly turned to enslaved Africans. Also, Africans did not know American geography as well as Native Americans, so they were less likely to try to escape.

What was the casta system?

• A social hierarchy implemented by the Spanish in their colonies in the Americas. Peninsulares (Spanish people born in Spain) were the highest status. Followed by Creoles, people of Spanish descent born in America. Next, Mestizos (People of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry) and Mulattos (People of mixed Spanish and African ancestry) were on the same level. Finally, Native Americans and Africans were at the bottom of the system. (Some sources argue which of the two was placed higher - meaning some argue that Native Americans were higher than Africans or vice versa. The important thing to know was that they were considered to be at the bottom of the hierarchy.)

Describe Spanish colonization and relations with Native Americans:

The Spanish settled in present day New Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas, etc. They attempted aggressively to convert Natives to Christianity which angered them. Additionally, they forced Natives to do labor for them through systems previously discussed. Issues like these would cause the Pueblo Revolt - discussed further below.

Describe Dutch colonization and relations with Native Americans

Dutch colonization included mostly men and fewer colonists than other countries. They were located in present day New York, New Jersey, etc. These colonists traded for fur with Native Americans and often intermarried. The Dutch had religiously diverse colonies.

Describe French colonization and relations with Native Americans:

•  French colonization included mostly men and fewer colonists than other countries. They were located near the Mississippi River and also near the Great Lakes. These colonists traded for fur with Native Americans and often intermarried. Some tried to convert Natives into Catholicism. 

Describe English colonization and relations with Native Americans:

The English were looking for economic opportunity and to escape bad economic times in England. They were located in Virginia, Massachusetts, Maryland, etc. They founded Jamestown in 1607. They angered Natives mainly because of their constant encroachment on their land. The English rarely intermarried and focused on establishing settlements.

Describe the Chesapeake region:

• Farming of tobacco, labor intensive work. Use of indentured servants and African slavery. 

Describe the New England region:

• Consisted of Puritans who had migrated here from Europe looking for religious freedom and economic freedom. Colonists had a balanced gender population, but women were considered lower than men on a social hierarchy. The economy relied on farming, fishing, trade and shipbuilding. 

Describe the Middle Colonies region:

• Farming of mainly cereal crops like wheat. Pennsylvania became a home for Quakers, who did not believe in slavery and believed all humans were equal. Religiously and ethnically diverse region. 

Describe the West Indies region:

•  Warm climate, long growing seasons. Extremely high demand for African slavery because of the high production of cash crops like tobacco but especially sugar cane. 

What was Jamestown

Founded in 1607, Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America. The colony went through many hardships such as starvation and disease, to a point where an estimated 80%-90% of settlers had died. Their situation improved when John Rolfe experimented with tobacco cultivation and found that tobacco was marketable (discussed below).

What is a joint-stock company?

• A business entity where ownership is divided into shares, and shareholders can buy and sell those shares. While exploration was often funded by the Crown, it could also be a private expense rather than a state-sponsored one shown with a joint-stock company. This was how Jamestown was funded. 

What was the Great Migration of the 1630s?

 Puritans in family units emigrate to Massachusetts looking for religious freedom and want for self-governance.

What was the significance of the cultivation of tobacco by John Rolfe?

• John Rolfe’s successful cultivation of tobacco in Virginia transformed the colony’s economy. Tobacco became the first major cash crop of the southern colonies, and its profitability led to the expansion of plantations, which required large amounts of labor. As a result, colonists took more land from Native Americans, sparking conflicts, and increasingly turned to indentured servants and later enslaved Africans to meet labor demands. This crop set the foundation for the South’s plantation-based economy for centuries.

What was the House of Burgesses?

• An elected representative assembly of Virginia that was dominated by elites. 

What was the Mayflower Compact (1620)

A written form of government authored by the first Puritans to arrive in the New World. They wrote this on their ship the Mayflower.

What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)?

Considered the first Constitution in the New World. A document that created the Connecticut colony.

Who was John Winthrop?

• One of the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and also a Puritan leader there. He believed that the colony he founded would be like a “city upon a hill” meaning it would set an example for future colonies. This demonstrated American exceptionalism. 

Who were Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson?

Roger Williams advocated for separation of church and state in the Massachusetts Bay Colonies. He also believed taking land from Natives without paying them was unethical. Because these views clashed with colony leadership, he was banished from Massachusetts and founded the Rhode Island colony. Anna Hutchison was a religious woman who disagreed with some practices of Massachusetts’ ministers. Her ideas gained popularity, she was tried, convicted, and she was banished. 

What was the Pequot War (1636)?

• The Pequot tribe and New England colonists were fighting over land disputes and control over fur trade. The Pequot tribe killed a New England fur trader, leading colonists to retaliate by burning Pequot villages. By the end of the war, most of the tribe had been annihilated.

What was Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

• In Virginia, tensions rose between former indentured servants and Native Americans over access to western frontier land. When frontier settlers requested that the House of Burgesses take military action against Native Americans, the colonial elite, led by Governor William Berkeley, refused, prioritizing trade relationships and stability over expansion. In response, Nathaniel Bacon organized a militia of farmers, indentured servants, and enslaved Africans to attack Native villages and, ultimately, burn down Jamestown in protest. The rebellion collapsed after Bacon’s death. The uprising showed the issues of relying on indentured servants for labor who would eventually demand land after freedom. This led to an increase of African slavery for labor instead. 

What was Metacom’s/King Philip’s War (1675 - 1678)

•  Led by Metacom, the Wampanoag leader. It was a rebellion over the colonists’ constant encroachment on Native land in New England. Thousands were killed on both sides, but the colonists won and led to more English expansion on Native American land. 

What was the Pueblo Revolt (1680)?

• An uprising of the Pueblos against the Spanish, because of the constant attempts to convert Natives to Christianity and forced labor. The Spanish often burned sacred objects of the Natives and forced them to become slaves. This revolt was considered one of the few successful revolts by Natives and the Spanish became more tolerant of Native practices.  

What were the Salem Witch Trials (1692)?

 Young girls in Salem, Massachusetts complained that they were being pricked by invisible pins and being controlled by forces, hinting towards the idea of witchcraft. Accusations spread rapidly fueled by paranoia and social tensions, often targeting wealthy individuals. Many were executed and jailed.

What is mercantilism?

• The idea that colonies should export raw materials to a mother country and the mother country sells manufactured goods back to the colonies. Colonies had limited trading with other counties, ensuring that their main supplier was their mother country, maximizing profits for the mother country. 

What were the Navigation Acts (1651)?

• A series of acts that were passed by England to limit colonial trade and implement mercantilist policies. One act stated that North American colonies could only export its products to England, preventing the colonies from being able to trade with other nations. Increased American unrest towards British policies.

What was the Enlightenment (1680s)?

• A movement focusing on rational thinking over religious thinking, individualism, self-governance, popular sovereignty, freedom of thought etc. Provided the foundation for the American Revolution and Declaration of Independence.  

Who was John Locke?

• An English philosopher credited with many Enlightenment ideas and for inspiring ideas used in the Constitution. 

What does natural rights mean? What does social contract mean?

• Natural rights were freedoms people were born with and cannot be taken away. These according to John Locke include life, liberty and property. Social contract meant that the people gave up certain freedoms in exchange for the government’s protection of their natural rights. If the government fails to protect these rights or becomes tyrannical, people have the right to alter or abolish it. 

Who were George Whitfield and Johnathan Edwards?

• Jonathan Edwards was a New England preacher and was credited for beginning the Great Awakening around 1734. He was known for powerful sermons. Whitefield was known for touring extensively around the colonies to speak to large crowds about faith. He was also credited for spreading the ideas of the Great Awakening. Together they helped spark and encourage a wave of religious revival.  

What was the Great Awakening (1730s)

• A Protestant religious revival that connected colonists through emotional sermons often held in tents. This led to the creation of universities like Columbia to educate new ministers. 

What was the Triangular Trade and what was the Middle Passage?

Triangle Trade was a three way trade system between America, Europe and Africa. America would send rum, sugar, coffee, raw materials to Europe, who would send manufactured goods to Africa, who would send slaves through the Middle Passage to America (the Middle Passage was the journey between Africa to the New World in which slaves were packed in unhygienic and dangerous conditions on large boats to fit as many as possible).

What does chattel slavery mean?

•  System where slaves were treated as property, or “chattel”, that can be bought, sold, given away, etc. 

What was covert resistance?

• Resistance done by slaves that was more “passive”, such as working slowly, breaking tools, speaking their native languages. 

What was overt resistance?

• Resistance done by slaves that was active, such as starting rebellions.

What was the Stono Rebellion (1739)?

• Slaves in Stono, South Carolina got ahold of weapons, began killing whites and burning buildings while chanting “Liberty”. Both whites and African Americans were killed. This led to South Carolina passing stricter slave codes. 

What was the Seven Years War/French and Indian War(1754)

• A war between the British and American colonists vs French and the Indians for more power in North America (important to note while many tribes allied with the French, some Native American tribes allied with the British). The British won the war, and the French were almost completely removed from North America. The British almost doubled the amount of North American land they had. The British also went into extreme debt after this war and this led to them taxing the colonists excessively. 

What was the Albany Plan of Union (1754)?

• A proposition under Benjamin Franklin and the Albany Congress that created a confederation of colonies that would unite them against French attack. This new government would have the power to raise and pay for an army, levy taxes, and regulate affairs with Native American tribes. This plan was rejected by the colonies (for placing too much power in a national government) and by the British government (for giving colonists too much freedom). Despite its failure, the Albany Plan is considered a significant historical event because it was the first major attempt to unify the colonies. Also, it is famously captured in Franklin’s “Join, or Die” political cartoon.

What was the Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Formally ended the French and Indian War. Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. French was almost completely removed from North America. Former French lands west of the Mississippi River was given to Spain and east of the Mississippi River was given to Great Britain. Important as it reshaped the colonial landscape in North America. 

What was Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763 - 1765)?

• Native Americans who lived in former French territory that was conceded to the British after the French and Indian War began growing frustrated at the increased British presence and control on their land and new policies that were unfavorable to them. Pontiac, a leader of the Odawa tribe, began a rebellion of over 300 Native Americans. They managed to capture a few British forts. The two sides negotiated an end and the British government issued the Proclamation of 1763 to attempt to reduce tension.  

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

• This proclamation prohibited colonists from settling West past the Appalachian Mountains (land that had been won by the British taken from the French after the French and Indian War). This was an attempt to keep peace with the Native Americans who were frustrated by constant encroachment on their land. This angered the colonists who believed they had earned this land after fighting for it during the French and Indian War. 

What was salutary neglect?

• This was an unofficial British policy that allowed the colonies to basically govern themselves without too much intervention from Parliament in the 1600s and early 1700s. However, as the British were in debt because of the French and Indian War, they decided to place harsh taxes on the colonists, putting an end to the era of salutary neglect. 

What was the Sugar Act (1764)?

he taxes on molasses (a sweetener) was actually reduced. This was because there was an old tax placed on these goods which was unreasonably high. Colonists would import them from cheaper sources like the Dutch despite difficulty this could cause. Foreign molasses was also often smuggled and tax was completely avoided in that case as well. The British reduced taxes on molasses to discourage smuggling and in hopes that colonists would purchase this product from Britain instead.

What was the Quartering Act (1765)?

• Required colonists to house and provide supplies for British soldiers stationed in the colonies if asked. 

What was the Stamp Act (1765)?

• Required that all printed materials (marriage documents, newspapers, etc) have a stamp signifying that a tax has been paid for it. This was the first act that really angered the colonists and the British parliament felt it was justified to pay the debt from the French and Indian War. 

• What was the Stamp Act Congress (1765)?

• What was authored during this meeting? Representatives from nine out of thirteen colonies met up to form the Stamp Act Congress. This was the first time representatives met collectively, foreshadowing the Continental Congress. They claimed the British parliament had no authority to tax the colonies without representation in parliament. They authored the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which asserted the rights of the colonists and protested taxation without representation. 

What is virtual representation?

•  A concept argued by Great Britain during this time that meant that a representative body acts for an entire empire, not just a geographic district. Meaning the representatives represent everyone, even those who did not vote for them or reside in their area. The colonists did not really agree with this concept.

What were the Sons and Daughters of Liberty?

 A group led by Samuel Adams that rebelled against the tax acts by leading boycotts against British goods, burning warehouses that kept stamps and attacking tax collectors. These boycotts and other actions contributed to the Stamp Act being repealed.

What was the Declaratory Act (1766)?

• The Stamp Act was eventually repealed, but the British passed this act to ensure that they still had the right to tax colonies in the future.

What were the Townshend Acts (1767)?

•  Acts named after Charles Townshend that placed taxes on paper, tea, lead and other goods. Again, this angered colonists about taxing them without representation. 

What was the Boston Massacre (1770)?

 Boston residents were harassing a group of British soldiers guarding a custom house by throwing rocks and snowballs at them and the guards fired, killing five protestors.

What was the Tea Act (1773)?

•  This act allowed the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the American colonies, bypassing colonial merchants and effectively creating a monopoly, intending to save the struggling  company. The Tea Act lowered the price of tea for colonists because the East India Company could now sell directly to them without going through England first. However, the act still maintained the existing tax on tea, angering colonists as they continued to feel as if they were being taxed without representation.

What was the Boston Tea Party (1773)?

• Colonists, many dressed as Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped over 300 chests of tea into the harbor as a direct protest against the Tea Act. Some colonists believed this was justified retaliation to taxation being done by Parliament while other colonists believed this was childish and had no use. 

What were the Coercive Acts (1774)

What were they also named? A series of laws passed by Parliament to penalize Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. They were called the Intolerable Acts by colonists. One of the acts closed Boston’s port until the money from the tea dumped during the Boston Tea Party was paid back.

What were the First (1774) and Second (1775) Continental Congresses?

• In the First Continental Congress, colonists wrote the Declaration and Resolves which encouraged Britain to correct their taxing errors. The colonists also created the Association which would form boycotts for British goods. In the Second Continental Congress, colonists decided on complete independence after deliberation and Thomas Jefferson began working on the Declaration of Independence. 

Describe key Enlightenment ideas and their effects on the want for independence:

• Natural rights were freedoms people were born with that the government can’t infringe on and this affected independence as the colonists felt like those rights were being taken away from them. Social contract meant that the people gave up certain freedoms in exchange for the government’s protection. However, if the government is failing to protect them or infringing on people’s rights, it is the people’s duty to overthrow that government, which is what the colonists wanted to do by fighting for independence.

​​What was Common Sense (1776)? Who wrote it?

• A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that would argue that independence was necessary and the British injustices had gone too far. It played a significant role in convincing the general public that independence was imminent. 

What was the Declaration of Independence (1776)?

•  Who wrote it? What were its main influences? Written by Thomas Jefferson, this document officially declared independence from Britain. Its main influences included John Locke’s enlightenment ideas of natural rights and popular sovereignty and Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. The document also listed grievances against the king.

Who were Patriots? Who were Loyalists? What motivations led to people either being a Patriot, Loyalist or neutral?

Patriots were actively supportive of independence while Loyalists believed that Great Britain should remain in power. Patriots were often younger, from New England or Virginia, were not wealthy and did not have a prominent social status. Loyalists were often from the middle or southern colonies and were wealthier, older, highly educated people who benefited from their allegiance to England. There were also a number of colonists who stayed neutral in this time period who often lived in places like the west that were somewhat unaffected by the war.

What were the advantages and disadvantages of the Americans and the British during the Revolutionary War (1775 - 1783)?

• Americans had the advantage of being in familiar territory, and easier access to supplies. They were also much more passionate about their cause. However, they had a smaller military and no navy. They had a major shortage of supplies in comparison with their opponent. The British had a larger military and a powerful navy. However, they were very far from the colonies so getting supplies took longer. They were also in unfamiliar territory. 

What was significant about the Battle of Saratoga (1777)?

• A battle in which America had won and convinced the French to assist the colonies with naval power, money, weapons, etc for their revolution. 

What was significant about the Battle of Yorktown (1781)?

• The last important battle of the war, where Americans won with French assistance. It was after this that the British agreed to create a peace treaty. 

What was the Treaty of Paris (1783)?

• Ended the Revolutionary War, extended the United States boundary to the Mississippi River and formal recognition of the US as a country. Loyalists were not to be punished if they chose to reside in the US. 

What were the Articles of Confederation (1777)?

• The first attempt at government by the US. It placed most power to the states and had a weak central government. It had no chief executive or a national judicial branch. Congress had no power to tax the states. The articles had been deemed a failure. 

What was the Northwest Indian War (1780s)?

post-revolution war between American Indians and Americans in the Ohio River Valley over encroachment on Indian land. When the British ceded this region to the US in the Treaty of Paris, Americans began moving into this area despite Native American tribes living there. The British, who still occupied forts in the territory despite the Treaty of Paris, provided the Native American confederacy with weapons, ammunition, and other supplies, hoping to create a buffer state to protect their Canadian territories from American expansion. The beginning of the war had some devastating defeats for the US, but at the end, the US won the war. The war effectively ended with the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. The treaty forced the Native American nations to cede most of present-day Ohio and parts of Indiana to the United States. The treaty also required the US government to make annual payments to the tribes.

What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

• Did many things but arguably the most important was it placed guidelines for statehood to enter the union. Arguably the only achievement under the Articles of Confederation. 

What was Shays’ Rebellion (1787)?

Its significance? Shays’ Rebellion, an uprising of indebted farmers in Massachusetts in 1787, was sparked by economic hardship and debt collection practices following the Revolutionary War. Congress lacked the power to raise a standing army or compel states to provide meaningful assistance to Massachusetts. This failure to maintain internal order alarmed many national leaders who recognized it as evidence that the Articles of Confederation provided a government that was too weak. This got support from many to reform the national government, contributing significantly to the momentum that led to the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 and the eventual drafting of the United States Constitution, which established a stronger federal system.

What was the Constitutional Convention (1787)?

• A meeting in Philadelphia that originally focused on fixing the Articles of Confederation. However, it became clear a new document, which became the Constitution, was necessary. 

What was the 3/5s Compromise?

• Each enslaved person would be counted as 3/5s of a person for taxation and representation purposes. This strengthened the power of the south as the majority of slaves resided there. 

What was the Virginia Plan? What was the New Jersey Plan?

• The VA Plan favored large states with high populations. It had a bicameral legislature (2 houses) and the amount of representatives a state had was based on population. The NJ plan gave equal representation to all states, which favored the small states over the large and had one legislative body. 

A plan that featured aspects of both the VA and NJ plan?

It had a bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate with two representatives per state. 

Who were Anti-Federalists? Who were Federalists?

The Anti-Federalists were opponents of the Constitution. They advocated for a smaller central government and championed states’ rights. They feared that a powerful federal government would become tyrannical, infringe upon individual liberties, and ignore the wants of the people. Prominent Anti-Federalists included Patrick Henry and George Mason. The Federalists were proponents of the new Constitution. They believed that a stronger, more centralized federal government was essential to manage the new nation’s economy, provide for its defense, and maintain social order. Key Federalists included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.

What were the Federalist Papers?

• Papers written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison to get the general public to support the Constitution. They explained and supported its systems of separation of powers and checks and balances. They also argued that a strong national government was necessary for the country’s security and economic prosperity.

What was the Bill of Rights?

• A list of individual freedoms that were the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Anti-Federalists agreed to ratify the Constitution if this was included while Federalists believed it was unnecessary. 

What is federalism?

• Division of power between the national, state and local governments. The Constitution outlines which powers are delegated to the federal government, which are reserved to the states, and which are shared. For example, only the federal government can coin money, but both state and federal governments can collect taxes. 

What is separation of powers?

•  Division of power between judicial, executive and legislative branches. For example, the President is Commander in Chief and Congress can declare war. Another example is Congress creates laws and the President enforces them. 

What is checks and balances?

 Ways to check the powers of the other two branches to make sure one branch doesn’t become too powerful. For example, the Supreme Court can strike down congressional laws if they find them unconstitutional. Another example is that the President can veto a bill that Congress passes.

What was the Whiskey Rebellion (1794)?

• Hamilton enacted tariffs on imports while being Washington’s secretary of treasury. A rebellion began in Pennsylvania because of this, and Washington and a militia went to stop the uprising. This rebellion proved that the federal government could handle themselves in a time of crisis. 

What was the two party system? Who were Democratic-Republicans?

• A two party system is when two major political parties are in consistent control over the political environment. You might notice it’s similar to the current political climate with the Democrats and Republicans. The first two party system emerged in the 1790s, not because the Founding Fathers intended it, but because of intense disagreements over the direction of the new nation’s government and economy. The Federalist party remained with Hamilton and a strong central government ideology. The Democratic-Republicans emerged around this time included Jefferson and strong state governments ideology. 

What were the debates over a Bank of the United States?

• Who was on each side and what were their arguments? Hamilton argued the national government had ‘implied powers’ that were not mentioned directly in the Constitution but were needed to complete the actions that the national government had to do. This included a national bank to handle taxes and loans. This view was called loose construction. However, Jefferson argued in a strict construction manner and said that any power not specifically mentioned for the national government in the Constitution was not a power the government had. Therefore, a national bank was unconstitutional. 

What was Jay’s Treaty (1794)? Pinckney’s Treaty (1796)?

After the French Revolution began, a war erupted between Great Britain and France. The United States was neutral in this conflict. The British, seeking to cut off French trade, began seizing American ships and impressing American sailors into the Royal Navy. The British were also violating parts of the Treaty of Paris. Jay’s Treaty forced Britain to withdraw from their forts in the Northwest Territory, which they had been occupying since the end of the Revolutionary War. It granted the US “most favored nation” trading status with Britain but placed limitations on American trade with the British West Indies. By the public, it was generally unpopular as it was thought to favor Britain more than the US but overall it reduced tensions with Britain so it was deemed somewhat of a success. Pinckney’s Treaty was an agreement between the US and Spain where the US gained full access to the Mississippi River and the right to use the port of New Orleans to store goods. Both sides agreed to stop arming Native American tribes to attack settlers on opposing sides. This was very favorable by the American public.

What was Republican Motherhood?

• Women had the job to instill Republican values such as liberty and patriotism into their kids so that they would be effective citizens contributing to society. 

What were the main ideas of George Washington’s Farewell Address (1796)?

• Be careful about forming political parties, remain neutral in foreign affairs and remain united as a nation. 

What was the XYZ Affair (1797)?

• When the French were seizing American ships (in retaliation to Jay’s Treaty which they felt was a betrayal of the US and France alliance), President Adams sent representatives to France to negotiate some sort of agreement. The representatives were met with agents identified as X, Y and Z who asked for a bribe before the Americans could speak with French officials. The American delegates were outraged by these demands and refused to pay. They returned to the United States, and President Adams made their report public. There was a large anti-French wave throughout the US after this time. This was the time period of the Quasi-war, an unofficial naval war between the French and the US. 

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)?

• The Alien Acts gave Adams more power to deport immigrants, and the Sedition Act made it a crime to make false remarks about the federal government. The second act angered many Democratic-Republicans as it violated their free speech rights, silenced newspapers and limited their votes. The Federalists argued that the acts were necessary for national security. These acts were largely passed because of the ongoing Quasi-war against the French. 

What were the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798)?

Resolutions written by Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) and James Madison (Virginia) in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts which argued that the federal government did not have the power to pass these acts. They argued that the states had the right and duty to declare these acts unconstitutional as they infringed on civil liberties. These actions supported states rights and strict constructionist views.