The Back - OTH 504 WVU

1. Superficial Group associated with the shoulder girdle, Intermediate muscles involved with respiration, and deep muscles with the vertebral column

What are the 3 Main Groups of back muscles?

Trapezius

There is an upper, middle and lower part to this muscle

Origin: nuchal line, occipital protuberance, ligament niche, spinous process C7-t12

Insertion: lateral clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

Nerve: spinal accessory nerve 11

Action: elevate and depress scapula, retraction

Larissimus Dorsi

Origin: spines from T7 to sacrum, iliac crest, lower ribs

Inserton: intertubecular groove humerus

Nerve Supply: thoracodorsal nerve, posterior cord of brachial plexus

Acton: extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm

Levator Scapulae

Origin: transverse

processes C1-4

Inserton: medial border of scapula

Nerve supply: 3rd and 4th cervical nerves and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Acton: elevates the scapula

Rhomboid Minor

Origin: ligamentum nuchae; C7-T1 spines

Inserton: medial border of scapula

Nerve supply: dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Acton: with rhomboid major and levator scapulae, elevates, retracts and rotates the scapula

Rhomboid Major

Origin: T2-T5 spines

Inserton: medial border of scapula

Nerve supply: dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Acton: with rhomboid minor and levator scapulae, elevates, retracts and rotates the scapula

Superficial muscles of the back

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, levator scapulae

Triangle of Auscultaton

Medially= trapezius

Superiorly= rhomboid major Inferiorly= latssimus dorsi

Floor= thoracic wall

Serratus Posterior Superior

Origin: ligamentum nuchae, C7, T1-3 spines

Inserton: ribs 2-5

Acton: elevates ribs (i.e. an inspiratory muscle)

Nerve supply: intercostal nerves

Serratus Posterior Inferior

Origin: thoracolumbar fascia, T11-12, L1-2 spines

Inserton: ribs 9-12

Acton: depresses ribs (i.e. an expiratory muscle)

Nerve supply: intercostal nerves

Deep Muscles of the Back

postural tone

responsible for maintenance of normal vertebral curves

form broad, thick column of muscle tssue, which occupies each side of spinous processes

extend from sacrum to skull and lie beneath thoracolumbar fascia

vertebral spines and transverse processes serve as levers that facilitate muscle actons

erector spinae

Deep, vertically running back muscles: iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

Transversospinalis

Oblique running back muscles: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

Interspinales, intertransversarii

deepest back muscles

Splenius capitis and Cervicis Muscles

Other Muscles

Iliocostalis (erector spinae)

•• Inserton: angles of ribs

Origin: iliac crest, sacrum

• Innervaton: spinal nerves C4-S5

•

Acton: extends and laterally bends trunk and neck

Longissimus (erector Spinae)

• Inserton: transverse processes of superior vertebrae; mastoid

Origin: transverse processes of inferior vertebrae

process•

Innervaton: spinal nerves C1-S1•

Acton: extends, laterally bends trunk, neck and head

Spinalis (erector Spinae)

• Inserton: spinous processes of superior vertebrae, base of

Origin: spinous processes of inferior vertebrae

skull• Innervaton: spinal nerves C2-L3• Acton: extends and laterally bends trunk and neck

thoracolumbar fascia

sheet of connective tissue on lower portion of the back

lumbar part of deep fascia situated in interval between iliac crest and twelfh rib

forms strong aponeurosis

covers posterior surface of deep muscles of back

Anterior

These spinal Ligaments are wide and strong, and is atached to the front and sides of the margins of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

Posterior

These spinal ligaments are weak and narrow, attracted to the posterior border of discs

Two primary and two secondary

fully developed individuals how many curves?

Primary Curve

Infant curves?

Primary and secondary where the child begins to stand upright

End of first year curves?

lordosis

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)

kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.

Babies are born with a primary curve a " ) ", as they gain head control they develop their first secondary curve a "(" in the cervical spine region.

Which of the following developmental milestones leads to an infant developing the first secondary curve of the spine?

Short head of the Biceps femorius which originates on the linea Aspera of the femur. Now, you might be thinking "But wait, the Vastus Lateralis also does not originate on the Ischial Tuberosity!" This is correct however the question asks which Hamstring muscle does not originate on the tuberosity and the Vastus Lateralis is not a hamstring muscle. This might seem tricky but it is checking both your comprehension of which muscles are hamstrings and the origins of the hamstrings.

This structure is the only muscle of the Hamstrings that does not originate on the ischial tuberosity

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx

5 regions of the vertebral column

cervical vertebrae

C1-C7

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5

Sacral

Fused 5 vertebrae

Coccyx

Fused 4 vertebrae

Pedicles of the vertebral arch

walls of the vertebral arch

laminae

roof of the vertebral arch

vertebral body

main portion of the vertebra, separate from the arches of the vertebra, supports the bodyweight

4 (2 superior and 2 inferior)

How many and what are the vertebra articulations to make the foramen?

Cervical

Most unprotected part of the vertebrae?

vertebral foramen

canal through which spinal cord passes formed by the two superior processes articulating with the inferior processes

articular process

this causes restriction of movement in the vertebrae

vertebral arch

composed of pedicles, laminae, and sometimes spinous process- it represents the junction of all posterior extensions from the vertebral body and protects the spinal cord

intervertebral foramen

superiornotchofone vertebra and inferior notch of adjacent vertebra form

ormingsuperiorandinferior vertebral notches

two superior articular processes of one vertebral arch articulate with two inferior articular processes of arch above

BLANK; on each side

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

first set of seven bones, forming the neck,. Transverse processes have a foramen

Spinous processes are small and bifid

Body is small and rectangular

Vertebral foramen are large and triangular

C3-C6

What part of the cervical have BIFOIDS?

C7

has a longer spinous process (not bifid) and smaller transverse foramen - also the bump on the back of the neck

Atlas

C1• Ring shaped• Widest of the cervical vertebrae • No spinous process or body

Axis

C2• Strongest cervical vertebrae• Carries the skull, allows for rotation• Has a dens-odontoid process-projects superiorly from the body

Thoracic Vertebrae

Heart-shaped, medium-sized body

Bodies increase in size from superior to inferior

Smaller,circularvertebralforamen

Spines are long and downward

Coastal facets are lateral to the body articulates with the head of the ribs

Transverse process for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs

Lumbar Vertebrae

Body is large and kidney shaped

Thick laminae

Triangular foramen

Long and slender transverse processes

Spinous processes are short, flat, and quadrangular

Sacral Vertebrae

5 fused vertebrae

Forms a wedge shaped

bone

Superiorly connects with the 5th lumbar vertebra

Inferiorly connects with the coccyx

Vertebral foramina formed together form the sacral canal

Coccyx Vertebrae

4 fused vertebrae

Forms a single small

triangular bone

Articulates with the end of the sacrum

Co.1 has 2 transverse processes

Remnant of the skeleton of the tail

Ligamentum nuchae

Occipital protuberance,

spine of C7,

Formed from aponeurosis of cervical muscles

Attaches to dura • Whiplash

(Synovial) atlanto-occipital joint

What kind of joints are the vertebral column? Synovial joints formed between occipital condyles and superior

facets on the atlas

flexion, extension and lateral flexion

three movements of the the vertebral column

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

Continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament

Connects the anterior arch of the atlas to the anterior margin of foramen magnum

posterior ligament of back

weak and narrow ligament of back

anterior ligament of back

wide and strong ligament of back

Ventral

Afferent Root?

Dorsal

Efferent Root

Efferent, afferent, and autonomic signals

spinal nerve signals

C7-T1

Hand and Finger Movement

C5

Wrist and Elbow

L2

Hip Motion

L3

knee extension

L4-S1

Foot Motion

L5

Knee Flexion

T2-T12 myotome

Trunk stability

abdominal muscles

c5-c8

Dermatome of Arm and hands

C5-C8

Myotome Movement of ARM, SHOULDER, HAND

L1-S2

Myotome of Legs

T9-L1

ABS MYOTOMES

trapezius (superior fibers), rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis and spinalis.

Muscle Attachments of Ligamentum Nuchae

L1-S2

Lower Body Nerve Function Dermatome

T2-T12

Torso Nerve Function

8

Cervical Nerve Numbers

1

Coccyx Nerves Number

5

Sacral Nerve Number

5

Lumbar Nerve Number

12

Thoracic Nerve Number