Studied by 81 peopleMusica enchiriadis
"music handbook" describing a type of polyphonic singing called Organum, includes parallel organum. 9th century
Scolica enchiriadis
(Latin, "Comments on the Handbook") Handbook accompaniment to Musica enchiriadis.
Polyphony
two or more independent melodies going on at the same time
Parallel organum
the top line is the melody of the chant, and the harmony is a fifth below every note of the melody
Composite organum
still parallel organum, but this is four parts, the two organalis parts being an octave apart, the two principalis parts being an octave apart, and the organalis and principalis parts being 5ths apart
Modified parallel organum
start the phrase unison, the original chant moves up but the harmony stays the same until the melody reaches a fourth or fifth apart, and then it moves with the melody
Ad organum faciendum
(literally, "How to Make Organum") was a treatise from around 1100 that described how to sing free organum, organalis part started to develop its own melody but still moved note by note with the principalis part
Florid organum
tenor: original chant melody that's on the bottom, and it is stretched out into long notes duplum: new melismatic melody is added onto the top
Anonymous IV
Possibly written by a student from the Paris university
Manuscript of music from the early 12th century to the time it was written
Rhythmic notation began around the time of Perotin (a composer from the Notre Dame cathedral) and not much before
Organum purum
when the tenor held in long note values
Discant style
both the tenor and duplum are measured and have rhythm
Clausula
section of organum that's in discant style
De Garlandia
wrote De musica mensurabilis
Leonin
wrote Magnus liber organi, or "Great Book of Organum," a book of organum duplums and states the two styles of organum
Perotin
tended to write organum in three or four parts
according to Anonymous IV, was better at writing discant clausula than Leonin
Substitute clausula
a section of discant organum that is separated and preserved to be used as a separate piece; keep the tenor, change the duplum, and write your own
Motet
new genre of music where you take a clausula and add text to the upper voice and change the name of the duplum to "motetus"
Motetus
when text is added to the duplum of a substitute clausula
Double motet
two different texts above the tenor (i.e. triplum, motetus, tenor)
Triple motet
three different texts above the tenor (i.e. quadruplum, triplum, motetus, tenor)
Choirbook/performance format
manuscript paper was divided into sections based on part in order to take up less space vertically; triplum in left column, motetus in right column, tenor along bottom of page
Rondellus
a work constructed from voice exchange
Rota
canon (different voices singing the same music at different times) at the unison
Philippe de Vitry
wrote Ars Nova in 1320
credited with developing music theory in the 1300s he was the one who compiled it all together
Mensuration signs
longa = square note with tail breve = square note w/o tail minim = diamond note w/o semiminim = diamond note with tail
Isorhythm
technique in which tenor is laid out in segments of identical rhythm
Talea
rhythmic pattern of the tenor
Color
melodic pattern of the tenor
Hocket
"pick up," the division of a melody into alternating notes in different voices
Guillaume de Machaut
ca. 1300-1377
wrote 23 isorhythmic motets and made the isorhythmic motet a standard genre
used French and Latin texts in the upper voices
most famous composition was Notre Dame Mass
Notre Dame Mass
earliest surviving polyphonic setting of the complete mass ordinary by a single composer whom we know
Trecento
14th century Italian music
Squarcialupi Codex
Most famous book of manuscripts from the trecento period Contains several hundreds of pieces of music from the trecento Most of the music written by a famous composer named Francesco Landini
Madrigal
a form of secular music from the trecento period written with the form AAB
Caccia
Italian for "chase," normally a two part canon where one voice "chases" the other
Ballata
contains a refrain, then 6-7 line stanza, then refrain
Francesco Landini
Blind organist, composer, and poet who composed no sacred music
Landini (under third) cadence
Instead of the top note going up by step and the bottom note going down by step, the bottom note goes down but the top note goes down a step before leaping up to an octave above the bottom note
Haut
high, i.e. loud, brass and woodwinds
Bas
low, i.e. soft, mostly string instruments
Musica ficta
False, feigned music, applying an accidental that lay outside the Guidonian hand
Ars subtilior
the "more subtle" art. An exaggeration of the rhythmic complexity made possible by ars nova notational systems. Complex cross-rhythms, meter changes, partial mensuration signs, different mensurations in each voice.
Virelai
AbbaA
Rondeau
ABaAabAB
Ballade
aab[C]
Note
Flashcard