Chapter 2 - Protestantism & Orthodoxy

Protestantism

A collection of Christian ecclesial communities that reject the authority of the Catholic Church and value the Bible alone as divine revelation.

The Protestant Reformation

A movement initiated by Martin Luther protesting the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences.

Lutheranism

The first Protestant church founded accidentally by Martin Luther in 1517.

sola fides

The doctrine that justification is achieved through faith alone, central to Luther's teachings.

sola scriptura

The belief that the Bible is the only authority for Christian doctrine, according to Martin Luther.

Counter-Reformation

A period of Catholic revival initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation, beginning with the Council of Trent in 1545.

Calvinism

A branch of Protestantism founded by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God.

Predestination

The doctrine that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save.

Total Depravity

The belief that every part of humanity is tainted by sin and incapable of good without divine grace.

Anabaptism

A radical movement that advocates for believer’s baptism and complete separation from the secular world.

Anglicanism

The tradition of churches that originated from the English Reformation, initiated by King Henry VIII.

Ecumenism

Efforts to promote unity among Christian churches.

Eastern Orthodoxy

The branch of Orthodoxy formed during the Great Schism, characterized by a variety of autocephalous churches.

Miaphysitism

The belief that Jesus Christ's human and divine natures are united as one, significant in Oriental Orthodoxy.

The Augsburg Confession

A key document that summarizes Lutheran theology and beliefs.

Filioque

The theological controversy related to the procession of the Holy Spirit, contributing to the Great Schism.

The Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral

A statement of basic Anglican principles defining essential components of Anglican doctrine.