Semenalysis

Semineferous tubules(Testes)

Site for spermatogenesis

Sertoli cells

Nurse cells for developing sperms

Epididymis

site for sperm maturation (Sperm becomes motile)

Seminal vesicles

provide nutrients for sperm and fluid

Fructose

The seminal fluid is rich in ______ for sperm motility

Prostate fluid

Acidic fluid that contains ACP, zinc, citric acid, and other enzymes for COAGULATION AND LIQUEFACTION

Bulborethral gland

Secrets thick alkaline mucus; neutralizes acidity from the prostatic secretions and vagina

74 days

In humans, It takes an average of ________ to form a mature sperm from a primitive germ cell by this orderly process of spermatogenesis

2-3 days but not 7 days

Abstinence of _______________ is required before collection

Dec. sperm count, increase pH and specimen will not liquefy

When a part of the FIRST portion of the ejaculate is missing:

Decrease volume, increase sperm count, decrease pH and specimen will not clot

When a part of the LAST Portion of the ejaculate is missing:

1 hour

Specimen should be delivered to the lab within______ of collection (at room temp)

Amylase, Bromelein, or alpha chymotrypsin

Specimen that do not liquefy must be treated with __________ to break up mucus in order to obtain accurate sperm count (3)

37 degC

Specimen awaiting analysis should be kept at:

Gray-white, translucent

Normal semen color:

Infection

Increased white turbidity of semen:

inc. RBCs and blood

Red or brown coloration of semen

urine contamination, medication, increased abstinence

Yellow coloration (Flavin) semen:

2-5mL

Normal semen volume:

increased Abstinence

Increased semen volume:

infertility, incomplete collection

Decreased semen volume:

Pour in droplets

Normal semen viscosity:

Degrees sperm motility

Increased semen viscosity leads to:

7.2-8.0

Normal pH of semen:

infection

Increased pH of semen:

Prostatic fluid

Decreased pH of semen:

20 million sperms/mL

Normal value for sperm concentration

1:20

Dilution used in improved neubauer counting chamber

Cold tap water

Most common diluting fluid:

Makler countin chamber

sperm conc. For undiluted specimen

Heat

Makler counting chamber uses _____ to immobilie sperms

3-5 minutes

The slides are allowed to settle for _______

x100,000

2 WBC squares multiplication factor:

x1,000,000

5 RBC squares multiplaction factor:

40 million per ejaculate

Normal value for Sperm count:

Sperm conc. X Specimen volume

Sperm count formula:

20HPF

Sperm motility is read at ______

50% motile

Normal sperm motility _______

4

Rapid, straight-line motility

3

Slower speed, SOME laterl movement

2

Slow forwarwd progression, NOTICEABLE lateral movement

1

No forward progression

0

No movement:

Computer-assisted semen analysis

Provides obective determination of both sperm VELOCITY AND TRAJECTORY (Direction of motion)

30%

normal values for routine criteria:

14%

Normal values for Kruger's strict criteria:

Papanicolau stain

Stain of choice for sperm morphology

3um

acrosomal cap:

5um

sperm head measurement:

7um

sperm neck measurement:

45um

sperm tail measurement:

one half

Acrosomal cap contains _____ of the head

two thirds

Acrosomal cap contains ______ of the head

Midpiece

Contains mitochondria

Variocele

Hardening of veins that drains the testes; most common cause of male infertility; tapered head sperm

Modified bloom's test

Test for sperm viability (Sperm vitality)

Eosin and Magnesium

Reagent for modified bloom's test

Unstained, bluish white

Living sperms are _______ in sperm vitality

Red

Dead sperms are ________ in sperm vitality

Resorcinol test

Test for seminal fluid fructose:

Orange-red color

Resorcinol test positive result:

Antisperm antibodies

Detected in semen, cervical mucosa or serum

Mixed agglutination reaction

Detects the presence of IgG antibodies

<10% motile

Mixed agglutination reaction positive result:

Immunobead test

Detects the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies; demonstrate what area of sperm the autoantibodies are affecting

presence of beads on <50% of the sperm

Normal immunobead test result

Epididymis disorder

Decreased neutral alpha-glucosidase indicates:

Spermatogonium,primary spermatocyte,secondary spermatocyte,spermatid, spermatozoon

stages of sperm maturation (5):

Glycoprotein p30

More specific method to detect specimen

Florence test

Non-specific test for detecting semen; and test for choline

Dark brown rhombic crystals

Florence test positive result:

iodine crystals and Potassium iodide

Reagent for florence test:

Barbiero's test

Specific test for spermine

Trichloroacetic acid

Reagent for Barbiero's test:

yellow leaf-like crystals

Positive test for Barbiero's test:

Vasectomy

Cutting of vas deferens so that the ejaculate will not contain any sperm cells

2 months

Post vasectomy semen analysis is done ______ after vasectomy and continued until 2 consecutive monthly specimens show NO SPERM

Aspermia

No ejaculate:

Azoospermia

Absence of sperm cell:

Necrospermia

Immotile or dead sperm cells:

Oligospermia

Decreased sperm concentration:

Eosin-nigrosin stain

Sperm viability stain

Hamster egg penetration

Sperms are incubated with species-nonspecific hamster eggs and penetration is observed microscopically

Cervical mucus penetration

Observing sperm penetration ability of partners midcycle cervical mucus

Hypo-osmotic swelling

Sperms exposed to low-sodium concentrations are evalutaed for membrane integrity and sperm viability

In vitro acrosome reaction

Evaluation of acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration