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k-strategist species
species whose populations fluctuate at or near the carrying capacity (K) of the environment in which they reside
k-selection
the selection of combinations of traits in an organism that trade off between quantity and quality of offspring
climax species
when this ecosystem stops experiencing sporadic change and instead reaches stability
late successional species
plant species that can germinate and grow with limited resources
r-selected species
those that produce a large number of offspring and contribute few resources to each individual offspring
biotic potential
maximum rate at which the population of a given species can increase when there are no limitations on it rate of growth
survivorship curves
graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species
j-shaped curve
curve with a shape similar to that of the letter J; can represent prolonged exponential growth
s-shaped curve
leveling off of an exponential, J-shaped curve when a rapidly growing population reaches or exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment and ceases to grow
age structure diagrams
a diagram showing the percentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population
total fertility are (TFR)
estimate of the average number of children who will be born alive to a woman during her lifetime if she passes through all her childbearing years (15-44) conforming to age-specific fertility rates of a given year. More simply, it is an estimate of the average number of children that women in a given population will have during their childbearing years
replacement rate
average number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. The average for a country or the world usually is slightly higher than two children per couple, mostly because some children die before reaching their reproductive years
life expectancy
average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live
emigration
movement of people out of a specific geographic area
per capita
for each person; in relation to people taken individually
immigration
migration of people into a country or area to take up permanent residence
carrying capacity
maximum population of a particular species that a given habitat can support over a given period
density-dependant factors
factors where the size/density of the population will influence an individual's probability of survival
density-independant factors
factors that limit a population growth, regardless of population density (size)
rule of 70
doubling time (in years) = 70/(percentage growth rate)
population growth rate
the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
gross domestic product (GDP)
annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations, foreign and domestic, operating within a country
demographic transition
hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates
birth rates
annual number of live births per 1000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year
death rates
annual number of deaths per 1000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year
intrinsic rate
rate at which a population could grow if it had unlimited resources
infant mortality rate
number of babies out of every 1000 born each year who die before their first birthday
developed countries
country that is highly industrialized and has a high per capital GDP
developing countries
country that has low to moderate industrialization and low to moderate per capital GDP. most are located in africa, asia, and latin america
demographics
the statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations
industrial country
countries whose gross domestic product and exports contain a large share of industrial production
transitional country
a third world country that is in a transition process based on more liberal, market-friendly structures and associated features of liberal democracy
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