Bio Circulatory System Terms

Plasma

Plasma

Fluid portion of the blood \n - has soluble proteins \n \n purpose: Concentration of plasma proteins helps \n control the osmotic balance in the blood \n (i.e Stops excess water from exiting the blood)

Albumins

maintain fluid levels by osmotically drawing water back into the capillaries

Fibrinogens

aid in blood clotting

immunoglobins

antibodies and carrier/transport proteins

Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes

AKA Red blood cells (RBCs) \n \n 4-6 million per mm3 of whole blood \n \n Function: to transport gas around the \n body

Biconcave disks

• structure of Erythrocytes

• increased surface area (for hemoglobin)

• increases ability to exchange gas (Oxygen)

Hemoglobin

Red iron containing pigment

heme group

portion of molecule forms an \n unstable, reversible bond with oxygen. \n • Carries 20 ml oxygen per 100 ml of blood

Leukocytes

AKA white blood cells \n (General term for a variety of cells without hemoglobin) \n Important part of the immune system. \n - able to enter fluids surrounding tissues \n to fight infection, destroys pathogens

Neutrophils

most abundant WBC, phagocytic

Basophils

granules stain deep blue and release histamine

Eosinophils

granules stain red, phagocytize allergens

Lymphocytes

T and B cells, play roles in immunity

Monocytes

Largest WBC's, phagocytic \n - Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

Granulocytes

have visible granules in cytoplasm

Arganulocytes

lack visible granules

Phagocytic

the process by which cells surround and digest certain particles

Platelets

• (<1%) cell fragments

• fragmentation of large cells called megakaryocytes

• Tiny cells that play important role in blood clotting.

Hematocrit

Blood test that measures the percentage of \n your blood volume that is erythrocytes

Antigen

Antigens (proteins) on the surface of \n erythrocytes allow our body to recognize our own cells

Antibody

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced. \n \n Antigens that your body doesn't have, stimulate your body to form antibodies

Aglunation/ Agglutination

the cells to clump together

Rh factor

Rhesus Factor \n Named for the rhesus monkey \n Based on the ability to MAKE an antigen! \n \n positive (Rh+): can make the Rh antigen \n \n Rh negative (Rh-): cannot make the antigen

Universal donor

O negative \n Naked blood, has no antigens! Does not trigger an immune response from any blood type

Universal receiver

AB+ \n universal receiver, has no antibodies

Arteries

Carries blood to body

Veins

Carry blood back to the heart

Arterioles

Arteries branch into smaller vessels called Arterioles \n Middle layer of wall is mostly smooth muscle \n Important in control of blood pressure

Venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels \n Connect arterioles to venules

Varicose veins

Caused when valves in veins stop functioning properly \n \n - Allows blood to flow backwards, and blood pools in veins

Arteriosclerosis

General term for when the wall of an artery becomes thicker and less elastic

Osmotic pressure

Generally causes water to move from tissues to blood; due to presence of plasma proteins and salts

Hydrostatic Pressure

- blood pressure \n Generally causes water to move from blood to tissues

artia

Singular: Atrium \n Thin walled \n Top portion of the heart

ventricle

thick muscular walls, bottom portion of the heart

myocardium

cardiac muscle

atrioventricular valves

Lie between the atrium and ventricle on each side

mitral valve

between the left atrium and left ventricle

bicuspid valve

between the right atrium and right ventricle

semilunar valves

Between the ventricle and great vessel on each side

aortic valve

between the left ventricle and aorta

pulmonary valve

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

aorta

Largest artery in the body

inferior vena cava

A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm.

superior vena cava

A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.

systole

contraction of heart muscle

diastole

relaxation of heart muscle

Sinoatrial node

A bundle of specialized nerves and muscles - \n located where the vena cava enter the right atrium \n \n sends a signal over to the two atria

atrioventricular node

Located the lower part of the right atrium close to the tricuspid valve \n - picks up electrical impulses

Purkinje fibres

two large nerve fibres run through the septum,

tachycardia

Fast heart beat heart rate exceeds 100 beats per min \n - can result from exercise or from the consumption of such drugs as caffeine or nicotine.

bradycardia

Slow heart beat Heart beat \n - lower than 60 bpm Can result from degeneration of the muscle (age), disease

electrocardiogram

EKG/ECG \n test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. \n -Traces how long the electrical wave takes to pass through your heart

p wave

first little hump - atria receives signal and contracts

qrs complex

Ventricles receive signal and contract \n -May just be an RS... this is still normal \n R wave is the first wave \n ABOVE the midline

t wave

Recovery of the heart

systolic number

the pressure when your heart contracts and pushes blood out \n - Highest pressure

diastolic number

the lowest pressure when the heart relaxes between beat

Sphygmomanometer

AKA Blood pressure cuff Measures blood pressure indirectly -Measures the pressure exerted by blood in the brachial artery HOW IT WORKS: *Placed on Brachial artery

• Blood flowing through the brachial artery makes no noise

• Pressure is slowly lowered until the blood is able to flow past, this is the systolic pressure (you'll hear a beat)

• Pressure continues to be lowered until the noise disappears (diastolic pressure)

cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped from the heart each minute - \n Increased output will increase blood pressure. \n Raising your heart rate increases output!

arteriolar resistance

Diameter of the arterioles is regulated by muscles in their walls