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Units for enthalpies of reaction
kJ/mol
Stoichiometrically, what determines how much heat is released from a reaction?
limiting reactant (use moles of LR to determine heat released from enthalpy of reaction)
1 L-atm =
101.3 J
1 cal =
4.184 J
Work
The energy used to move an object against a force (transfer of energy by any process other than heat)
Heat
The energy used to cause the temp of an object to increase
Kinetic energy
KE = Ā½mvĀ²
Electrostatic potential energy
U = kQq / r
(U = potential energy, r = distance between particles, q and Q are the charges of particles)
K =
8.99 Ć 10ā¹ J-m/CĀ²
Coulombās Law
The relationship between electrostatic force and distance, the closer two charged particles are, the stronger the force between them
Coulombās Law equation
Fe = kqāqā / rĀ²
Electrostatic potential is positive for ____ charges
like
Electrostatic potential is negative for ___ charges
opposite
As particles move apart, their electrostatic potential energy approaches _____
zero
As like charged particles come closer together, Eel becomesā¦
more positive
As opposite charged particles come closer together, Eel, becomesā¦
more negative
Smaller separation between like charged particles =
greater repulsion, higher (more positive) E
Smaller separation between two opposite charged particles =
greater attraction, lower (more negative) E
1 Cal =
1000 cal = 1 kcal
System
the portion we single out (reactants and products)
Surroundings
Everything else (the container and space beyond it)
Open system
Matter and energy can be exchanged with the surroundings (boiling pot of water on stove)
Closed system
Energy can be exchanged with the surroundings, but matter cannot (piston)
Isolated system
Neither energy nor matter can be exchanged with the surroundings (insulated thermos)
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, any energy thatās lost in a system must go to surroundings
Internal energy (E or U)
The sum of all kinetic and potential energies of the components of the system. Includes motions and interactions of particles
+āE =
system has gained energy from its surroundings
-āE =
system has lost energy to its surroundings
āE =
q + w
For q, + meansā¦
gains heat
For q, - meansā¦
loses heat
For w, + means work doneā¦
on system
For w, - means work doneā¦
by system (gas is created and expands to move a piston)
Endothermic
The system absorbs heat
Exothermic
The system loses heat
State function
Value depends only on where you started and ended
List of state functions
Internal energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, chemical energy, volume, pressure, enthalpy
List of path functions
Heat, work, distance
When a system is at constant volume, āV =
0
w =
-PāV
If volume is constant and -PāV goes to zero, then āE =
qv (subscript v reminds us weāre at constant volume)
At constant pressure, āH =
qp = āE + PāV
Enthalpy
Measure of heat flow, total heat absorbed/released by the system under constant pressure
The coefficients in a balanced thermochemical equation represent the number of moles of reactant and product associated withā¦
enthalpy change (given enthalpy = enthalpy / moles of compound, they are in proportion with each other)
The magnitude of āH depends on the amount ofā¦
reactant consumed in the process (doubling moles of reactant doubles enthalpy)
The āH for a reaction is _____ in magnitude, and ______ in sign, to the āH of the reverse reaction
equal; opposite
Enthalpy depends onā¦
states of matter
Enthalpy has a greater magnitude for reactions that go from gas toā¦
liquid
Greater change in enthalpy =
greater change in matter
Heat capacity
The amount of heat required to raise an objects temp by 1 degree (C or K); the greater the heat capacity, the greater the heat required to produce a given increase in temp
Unit: J/K
Specific heat capacity
The heat capacity of one gram of a substance
Unit: J/gĀ°C
q =
mCsāT
q = heat evolved in rxn
m = reactant mass in grams
C = specific heat
āT = change in temp
qsoln =
-qrxn
If the temp of the water increases in a coffee cup calorimeter, then the reaction isā¦
exothermic
Coffee cup calorimetry equation
qsoln = (grams of soln)(specific heat of soln)*āT = -qrxn
Water is surroudings
Coffee cup calorimeters are used to findā¦
ENTHALPY, because itās conducted at constant pressure and qp = āH
Bomb calorimetry equation
q = -CcalāT
Bomb calorimeters are used to findā¦
internal energy (āU) of combustion reactions at constant volume
In a bomb calorimeter, q is calculated inā¦
amount of heat per grams of substance in the bomb
Hessās Law
If a rxn is carried out in a series of steps, āH for the rxn will be equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the steps; we can find āH for any process, as long as the āH of the component rxns are known, since enthalpy is a state function
Enthalpies of rxn
āHĀ°rxn = ānāHĀ°f (products) - ānāHĀ°f(reactants)
Standard enthalpy of formation (āHfĀ°)
The change in enthalpy for the rxn that forms one mol of a compound from elements in their standard states
Enthalpy of formation for elements and noncompounds
0
If youāre calculating heat released using calorimetry when mixing two reactants, neither of which are water, and they both participate in the reaction, then the mass used in q = mCāT isā¦
the combined mass of both reactants because both are in the system
To find the molar heat of a reaction with two reactants, neither of which are water, divide the total heat released byā¦
the mass in moles of the limiting reactant (LR determines how much product is made and thus how much heat is released)
Enthalpy of formation for Cl2
0 (any molecule that only contains one element is 0)
Enthalpy of breaking bonds
Endothermic (requires energy)
Enthalpy of bond formation
Exothermic (releases energy, negative)
How to calculate enthalpy of rxn from bond enthalpies
sum of bonds broken (reactants) - sum of bonds formed (products)
Steps to find enthalpy of rxn from bond enthalpies
Draw Lewis structures for each species in equation
Count number of bond types in reactant
Multiply number of bonds by the coefficients in equation
Do the same for the products
Do reactant bonds minus product bonds
How to calculate heat released from a melt
If not at the melting point, use q=mCAT to find amount of heat released when temperature is increased to the melting point
Multiply enthalpy of fusion by amount of substance using whatever mass units will cancel to get just J or kJ
If you put a hot piece of metal in a cold cup of water, the final temperatures and magnitude of heat evolved from both the metal and water will be theā¦
same