Med Micro Exam 1

Microbiology

The study of microscopic organisms

Types of microorganisms

Bacteria, Fungi, Protists, Viruses

Types of protists

Protozoan and algae

animal-like protists

protozoans

plant-like protists

algae

Viruses are

nonliving

Viruses are measured in

nanometers

Taxonomy/systematics

Study of grouping organisms

2 ways to group organisms

Domain Scheme and Kingdom Scheme

Who created Kingdom Scheme? What year?

Whittaker, 1960s

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Eukaryotes in kingdom scheme

Animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista

Prokaryotes in kingdom scheme

Monera

Who created the Domain Scheme? What year?

Carl Woese, 1970s

Why did Woese create Domain Scheme?

Bacteria in Yellowstone National Park surviving extreme conditions

What did Woese identify in Yellowstone?

Archaea

3 Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What is the kingdom scheme based on?

Morphological data

Types of monera

bacteria and archaea

What is the domain scheme based on?

Phylogenetic data (DNA)

What is most morphologically similar?

Bacteria and archaea

What is most phylogenetically similar?

Archaea and eukarya

Prokaryotes

No nucleus, binary fission, unicellular, DNA is circular, small ribosomes

What is the size of the prokaryotic ribosome?

50S + 30S \= 70S

Eukaryotes

True nucleus, mitosis, unicellular/multicellular, DNA is linear, large ribosome

What is the size of a eukaryotic ribosome?

60s + 40s\= 80s

Bacteria (cell type, kingdom, domain)

Prokaryotic, monera, bacteria and archaea

Fungi (cell type, kingdom, domain)

Eukaryotic, fungi, eukarya

Protists (cell type, kingdom, domain)

eukaryotic, protista, eukarya

Helminths/worm (cell type, kingdom, domain)

eukaryotic, animalia, eukarya

Virus (cell type, kingdom, domain)

acellular, none, none

Positive effects of microorganisms on human health

Antibiotic production and microbial antagonism

Negative effects of microorganisms on human health

Infection and disease

Out of the top 10 leading causes of death in 1900, how many were infectious disease?

5

Out of the top 10 leading causes of death in 2000, how many were infectious disease?

2

Disease

body working incorrectly

Non-infectious disease\`

Not caused by microorganisms

Infectious disease

caused by a microorganisms

Infectious disease leading causes of death in 1900

Influenza/pneumonia, TB, gastroenteritis, infant disease, diphtheria

Infectious disease leading causes of death in 2000

Influenza/pneumonia and AIDS

What has decreased incidence of deaths from infectious disease?

Vaccines

MMR

measles, mumps, rubella

DTaP

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (whooping cough)

Anthrax

used in bioterrorism

menigitis

infection, common bacterial cause: Neisseria meningitis

Hepatitis B

virus transmitted through contaminated blood or sexual contact; can cause liver damage

Robert Hooke

coined the term "cell", started Cell Theory

Cell Theroy

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, 2. Nothing smaller than a cell is alive 3. Cell come only from the reproduction of existing cells

Leeuwenhoek

first to observe microscopic organisms; interested in microscopy

What was Leeuwenhoek's job?

Dutch textile merchant

Microscopes do 2 things: \____ and \____

magnification and resolution

Leeuwenhoek identified what about microorganisms?

three shapes of microorganisms

Three shapes of microorganisms

Circle, elongated, and spiral

spontaneous generation

the hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter

What did Pasteur disprove?

spontaneous generation

What was Pasteur's experiment?

he put broth in 2 different jars (swa-neck-flask and not covered) and saw which one the "organisms" came into

what is Pasteur's legacy?

Scientific method (systematic approach), aseptic technique, pasteurization

aseptic technique

Procedure used to exclude microorganisms from environment

Pasteurization

A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria

Who is the father of microbiology?

Louis Pasteur

Germ Theory

the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microorganisms

Golden Age of Microbiology

1860-1920

Who created the germ theory?

Robert Koch

Joseph Lister

English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (aerosol carbolic acid)

cell-mediated immunity

white blood cells; created by Elie Metchnikoff

humoral immunity

blood borne (antibodies); created by Emil von Behring

the father of medical microbiology

Robert Koch

Etiological agent

causative agent of a disease

What type of media did Koch use?

Solidified culture media

Koch's Postulates

1. Suspect mo must be present in all causes of the disease
2. suspect mom must be isolated in pure culture
3. suspect mo must be introduced into healthy host and it has to cause the disease

Solidifying agents

Gelatin and agar (most common)

Magic bullet

Drug that would kill/target micorganims without hurting the host organism

Antibiotic era

1920-present

Antimicrobial agent

Salvarsan and sulfonamides

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin in 1928

Coconut Grove Fire

Penicilin stockpiled for war, but government released it and saved 60-70% of patient lives

Coccus shape

spherical

Bacillus shape

sausage

Three types of prokaryotic cells

Coccus, bacillus, spiral

Morphology

the shape (individual) and arrangement (group of cells)

Pleomorphic

many shapes

Diplo-

pairs

Strepto-

chains

Tetrad

four coccus in a square

Sarcinae

cubic configuration of cocci

Staphylo-

irregular clusters

types of bacilli

Single, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, coccobacillus

types of cocci

single, diplococci, streptococci, tetrads, sarcinae, staphylococci

Types of Spiral Bacteria

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

Vibrio

curved rod

What disease does vibrio bacteria cause?

Cholera

Sprilla

few helical turns, rigid, motile by flagella

Spirochetes

many helical turns, flexible, mobile by endoflagella

What diseases are caused by spirochetes?

syphilis and lyme disease

How is the cell membrane arranged?

fluid mosaic model

Phospholipids in the bilayer are

amphipathic

The head of a phospholipid is?

hydrophilic

The tail of a phospholipid is?

hydrophobic

What can freely cross the membrane?

water, O2, CO2, hydrophobic molecules

passive transport

Requires no energy from the cell