Med Micro Exam 1

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Microbiology

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137 Terms

1

Microbiology

The study of microscopic organisms

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2

Types of microorganisms

Bacteria, Fungi, Protists, Viruses

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3

Types of protists

Protozoan and algae

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animal-like protists

protozoans

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plant-like protists

algae

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6

Viruses are

nonliving

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7

Viruses are measured in

nanometers

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8

Taxonomy/systematics

Study of grouping organisms

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9

2 ways to group organisms

Domain Scheme and Kingdom Scheme

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10

Who created Kingdom Scheme? What year?

Whittaker, 1960s

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11

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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Eukaryotes in kingdom scheme

Animalia, plantae, fungi, and protista

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13

Prokaryotes in kingdom scheme

Monera

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14

Who created the Domain Scheme? What year?

Carl Woese, 1970s

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15

Why did Woese create Domain Scheme?

Bacteria in Yellowstone National Park surviving extreme conditions

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16

What did Woese identify in Yellowstone?

Archaea

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17

3 Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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18

What is the kingdom scheme based on?

Morphological data

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19

Types of monera

bacteria and archaea

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20

What is the domain scheme based on?

Phylogenetic data (DNA)

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21

What is most morphologically similar?

Bacteria and archaea

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22

What is most phylogenetically similar?

Archaea and eukarya

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23

Prokaryotes

No nucleus, binary fission, unicellular, DNA is circular, small ribosomes

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24

What is the size of the prokaryotic ribosome?

50S + 30S = 70S

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25

Eukaryotes

True nucleus, mitosis, unicellular/multicellular, DNA is linear, large ribosome

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What is the size of a eukaryotic ribosome?

60s + 40s= 80s

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Bacteria (cell type, kingdom, domain)

Prokaryotic, monera, bacteria and archaea

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Fungi (cell type, kingdom, domain)

Eukaryotic, fungi, eukarya

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Protists (cell type, kingdom, domain)

eukaryotic, protista, eukarya

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Helminths/worm (cell type, kingdom, domain)

eukaryotic, animalia, eukarya

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Virus (cell type, kingdom, domain)

acellular, none, none

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32

Positive effects of microorganisms on human health

Antibiotic production and microbial antagonism

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33

Negative effects of microorganisms on human health

Infection and disease

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34

Out of the top 10 leading causes of death in 1900, how many were infectious disease?

5

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35

Out of the top 10 leading causes of death in 2000, how many were infectious disease?

2

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Disease

body working incorrectly

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Non-infectious disease`

Not caused by microorganisms

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Infectious disease

caused by a microorganisms

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Infectious disease leading causes of death in 1900

Influenza/pneumonia, TB, gastroenteritis, infant disease, diphtheria

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Infectious disease leading causes of death in 2000

Influenza/pneumonia and AIDS

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41

What has decreased incidence of deaths from infectious disease?

Vaccines

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42

MMR

measles, mumps, rubella

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DTaP

Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (whooping cough)

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Anthrax

used in bioterrorism

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menigitis

infection, common bacterial cause: Neisseria meningitis

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Hepatitis B

virus transmitted through contaminated blood or sexual contact; can cause liver damage

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47

Robert Hooke

coined the term "cell", started Cell Theory

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Cell Theroy

  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, 2. Nothing smaller than a cell is alive 3. Cell come only from the reproduction of existing cells

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Leeuwenhoek

first to observe microscopic organisms; interested in microscopy

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50

What was Leeuwenhoek's job?

Dutch textile merchant

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51

Microscopes do 2 things: ____ and ____

magnification and resolution

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52

Leeuwenhoek identified what about microorganisms?

three shapes of microorganisms

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53

Three shapes of microorganisms

Circle, elongated, and spiral

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54

spontaneous generation

the hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter

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55

What did Pasteur disprove?

spontaneous generation

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What was Pasteur's experiment?

he put broth in 2 different jars (swa-neck-flask and not covered) and saw which one the "organisms" came into

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what is Pasteur's legacy?

Scientific method (systematic approach), aseptic technique, pasteurization

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aseptic technique

Procedure used to exclude microorganisms from environment

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Pasteurization

A process of heating food to a temperature that is high enough to kill most harmful bacteria

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Who is the father of microbiology?

Louis Pasteur

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Germ Theory

the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microorganisms

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Golden Age of Microbiology

1860-1920

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Who created the germ theory?

Robert Koch

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Joseph Lister

English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (aerosol carbolic acid)

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cell-mediated immunity

white blood cells; created by Elie Metchnikoff

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humoral immunity

blood borne (antibodies); created by Emil von Behring

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the father of medical microbiology

Robert Koch

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Etiological agent

causative agent of a disease

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What type of media did Koch use?

Solidified culture media

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70

Koch's Postulates

  1. Suspect mo must be present in all causes of the disease

  2. suspect mom must be isolated in pure culture

  3. suspect mo must be introduced into healthy host and it has to cause the disease

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Solidifying agents

Gelatin and agar (most common)

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Magic bullet

Drug that would kill/target micorganims without hurting the host organism

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Antibiotic era

1920-present

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Antimicrobial agent

Salvarsan and sulfonamides

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Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin in 1928

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Coconut Grove Fire

Penicilin stockpiled for war, but government released it and saved 60-70% of patient lives

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Coccus shape

spherical

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Bacillus shape

sausage

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Three types of prokaryotic cells

Coccus, bacillus, spiral

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80

Morphology

the shape (individual) and arrangement (group of cells)

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Pleomorphic

many shapes

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Diplo-

pairs

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Strepto-

chains

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Tetrad

four coccus in a square

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Sarcinae

cubic configuration of cocci

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Staphylo-

irregular clusters

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types of bacilli

Single, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, coccobacillus

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types of cocci

single, diplococci, streptococci, tetrads, sarcinae, staphylococci

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Types of Spiral Bacteria

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

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Vibrio

curved rod

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91

What disease does vibrio bacteria cause?

Cholera

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92

Sprilla

few helical turns, rigid, motile by flagella

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Spirochetes

many helical turns, flexible, mobile by endoflagella

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94

What diseases are caused by spirochetes?

syphilis and lyme disease

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95

How is the cell membrane arranged?

fluid mosaic model

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96

Phospholipids in the bilayer are

amphipathic

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97

The head of a phospholipid is?

hydrophilic

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98

The tail of a phospholipid is?

hydrophobic

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99

What can freely cross the membrane?

water, O2, CO2, hydrophobic molecules

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100

passive transport

Requires no energy from the cell

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