Exam 3 - pancreas pt. 2

GLP-1 looks like ___ but acts like ___

glucagon, insulin

what cells are affected by an insulinoma

beta cells

what do insulinomas produce excessive amounts of? what does this lead to?

insulin, hypoglycemia

how does the body respond to an insulinoma

catecholamines, glucagon, cortisol, GH released to increase blood sugar

glucagonomas are rare tumors of alpha cells and produce symptoms of what condition

diabetes

what is a characteristic sign of diabetes mellitus

glucose in urine

aka of type I diabetes mellitus

insulin dependent diabetes

Type I diabetes mellitus is an ____ disease where ___ cells of the pancreas are destroyed resulting in decreased production of ____ to regulate blood glucose levels. Common symptoms include thirst, frequent urination, tiredness, unexplained weight loss

autoimmune, beta, insulin

how is type I diabetes treated

insulin injection

aka of 1.5 diabetes mellitus

latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA)

type 1.5 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune diabetes of individuals over the age ___. It includes a feature from both Type I diabetes which is ___ activity and a feature from type II diabetes which is ___ resistance. This condition has auto-antibodies that are found in the ___ cells of the pancreas

35, autoimmune, insulin, beta

what is the most common form of diabetes mellitus

type II

type II diabetes mellitus is a ___ condition that results in ____-glycemia. It develops from ineffective use of ____ or decreased production of ____. the biggest risk for this condition is ____ and left untreated, Type II diabetes mellitus can result in damage to many systems. Avoiding ___ and losing ___ are ways to control the condition. The medication ____ helps the body to respond to insulin better but leads to decreased levels of this vitamin

metabolic, hyper, insulin, insulin, obesity, sugar, weight, metformin, B12

how is prediabetes and Type II treated

exercise, diet, medication

what type of diabetes is found in young individuals who have mutations of a gene that affects insulin production or action

mature-onset of diabetes of the young (MODY)

what is the primary cause of type 5 diabetes

malnutrition

what is the expected blood glucose level

70-100

what is prediabetic blood glucose level

100-125

what is diabetes blood glucose level

>126 on two separate tests

what level of blood glucose is considered too low

70

a glucose tolerance test is used to test for prediabetes, what levels are indicative of prediabetes?

140-199

what test measures how high your glucose levels have been over the past few months?

hemoglobin A1C

what is the diagnostic A1C levels for prediabetes

5.7%-6.4%

is a hemoglobin A1C always accurate

no it can produce falsely high or low results based on other conditions

what are three clinical presentations of diabetes mellitus

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

what are three major complications of diabetes mellitus

nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy

insulin deficiency causes increased ___ in the blood and converts them into ___ and ____

FFA, phospholipids, cholesterol

too much insulin leads to

hypoglycemia, insulin shock

lack of insulin can lead to

ketoacidosis from ketones produced by breakdown of proteins and fat

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS) occurs when blood sugar levels exceed ____mg/dL

600