290 - Web Dev: Final
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277 Terms
HTTP
[1] A protocol defining message formatting and transmission used for communication between clients and servers.
URL
[1] A web address that identifies and locates resources on the Internet by specifying the protocol, server, and resource path.
HTML
[1] A markup language for structuring web documents, describing their content and layout.
CSS
[1] A stylesheet language used to define the presentation of web documents, separating design from content.
JavaScript
[1] A programming language that adds interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages, running on both clients and servers.
Client
[1] A program or device (such as a web browser) that sends requests to a server.
Server
[1] A computer or program that receives client requests and sends back resources or data.
HTTP Request/Response
[1] The messages exchanged between a client and a server using the HTTP protocol.
Headers
[1] Key-value pairs in HTTP messages that provide metadata about the request or response.
HTTP Request
[1] A message sent by the client that includes a request line, headers, a blank line, and an optional body.
HTTP Response
[1] A message sent by the server that includes a status line, headers, a blank line, and an optional body containing the resource.
Request Line
[1] The first line of an HTTP request, containing the HTTP method, resource path, and HTTP version.
Request Headers
[1] Metadata provided as key-value pairs in an HTTP request to inform the server about the request details.
Request Body
[1] An optional part of an HTTP request that carries data to be processed by the server.
GET Method
[1] An HTTP method used to retrieve or read a resource from the server, typically without a request body.
Status Line
[1] The first line of an HTTP response, consisting of the HTTP version, status code, and reason phrase.
Status Code
[1] A numeric code in the HTTP response indicating the result of the request (e.g., 200 for success, 404 for not found).
Response Headers
[1] Metadata in an HTTP response that provide information like content type, encoding, and caching policies.
Response Body
[1] An optional part of an HTTP response that contains the requested resource (such as HTML, JSON, or an image).
Scheme
[1] The protocol specified in a URL (e.g., http, https) that determines how to access the resource.
Server Name
[1] The domain or IP address in a URL indicating where the resource is hosted.
Port
[1] A network port in a URL used for connection, with defaults like 80 for HTTP and 443 for HTTPS.
Path
[1] The portion of a URL that specifies the location of the resource on the server.
Query Parameters
[1] Optional key-value pairs in a URL used to pass additional information to the server for filtering or instructions.
Fragment
[1] An optional component of a URL serving as an anchor to a subsection within the resource.
HTML
[2] Hypertext Markup Language used to structure and organize web content using elements, tags, attributes, and proper nesting.
HTML Elements
[2] Building blocks of HTML documents that consist of start tags, content, and end tags (or are self-closing).
HTML Tags
[2] Keywords enclosed in angle brackets (e.g., <p>) that denote the start and end of elements.
HTML Attributes
[1] Key-value pairs (e.g., attribute="value") in an element’s opening tag that add extra information.
Nesting
[2] Placing elements inside one another while ensuring proper opening and closing order.
Percent-Encoding
[2] A method for encoding special characters in URLs using a percent sign followed by two hexadecimal digits.
Document Structure
[2] Standard HTML layout beginning with a doctype, followed by an <html> element that contains <head> (metadata) and <body> (visible content).
Headings
[2] <h1>–<h6> elements used to define section titles, with <h1> as the highest level.
Paragraphs
[2] <p> element for grouping blocks of text.
Links
[2] <a> element that creates hyperlinks using the href attribute to target other documents or resources.
Images
[2] <img> element to embed pictures, requiring a src for the image URL and an alt attribute for alternative text.
Unordered Lists
[2] <ul> element containing <li> items for non-sequential lists.
Ordered Lists
[2] <ol> element with <li> items for sequentially ordered lists.
Definition Lists
[2] <dl> element with <dt> for terms and <dd> for definitions.
Tables
[2] Structured using <table> with rows (<tr>), cells (<td>, <th>), and optionally <thead>, <tbody>, and <caption> for tabular data.
Containers
[2] <div>, <section>, and <article> elements used to group content, where <section> groups thematically related content, <article> indicates self-contained compositions, and <div> serves as a generic container.
Strong vs. Bold
[2] <strong> conveys strong importance (often bold), whereas <b> applies bold styling without added semantic meaning.
Emphasis
[2] <em> element used to indicate emphasis, typically rendered in italics.
Anchor Element
[2] <a> used to create hyperlinks by specifying a target URL in the href attribute.
Absolute URL
[2] A complete URL including protocol and domain (e.g., https://example.com/page.html).
Relative URL
[2] A URL defined relative to the current document (e.g., page.html or ./page.html).
Link Element
[2] <link> in the <head> that connects to external resources (like CSS files) via attributes such as href and rel.
Script Element
[2] <script> used to embed or link to JavaScript code.
CSS
[2] Cascading Style Sheets used to style HTML content by separating presentation from structure.
External CSS
[2] Stylesheets linked as separate files, promoting reusability and clean separation but requiring additional HTTP requests.
Internal CSS
[2] Styles defined within a <style> block in an HTML document for page-specific styling.
Inline CSS
[2] Styles applied directly to an element via the style attribute for quick, element-specific changes.
CSS Rule
[2] Consists of a selector and declaration block (e.g., selector { property: value; }).
CSS Selector
[2] Patterns that target HTML elements for styling; includes type, class (.classname), ID (#id), and universal selectors.
Location-based Selectors
[2] CSS selectors that target elements based on their hierarchical position (e.g., descendant, child, adjacent sibling).
Pseudo-selectors
[2] Selectors that style elements under specific states or conditions (e.g., :hover, :visited).
Specificity
[2] The method by which CSS determines which rule applies based on the hierarchy: inline styles > ID selectors > class selectors > type selectors; later rules can override earlier ones if specificity is equal.
Important CSS Properties
[2] Include properties like color, background-color, font-size, margin, padding, and border.
Color Properties
[2] CSS attributes such as color, background-color, and border-color, specified via hexadecimal, RGB, HSL, or named colors.
CSS Units
[2] Absolute units (px, pt, cm, in) and relative units (em, rem, %, vw, vh) used for sizing elements.
Box Model
[2] Concept treating each HTML element as a box with content, padding, border, and margin that affects layout.
Size Properties
[2] Attributes controlling dimensions, including width/height for content, and specific padding, border, and margin values.
Positioning
[2] Methods to place elements, including static (default), relative (offset from normal), absolute (relative to nearest positioned ancestor), fixed (relative to viewport), and sticky (switches based on scroll).
JavaScript
[3] A high-level, interpreted programming language that adds interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages and powers scalable applications on both client and server sides.
Web Interactivity
[3] JavaScript's capability to enable client-side validations, event handling, and dynamic content updates without full page reloads.
Node.js
[3] A runtime environment that allows JavaScript to run on the server, using Chrome’s V8 engine.
Script Execution
[3] JavaScript can run in browsers via the <script> tag or in the browser console, and on servers via Node.js by running .js files or using the Node REPL.
Data Types
[3] JavaScript supports primitive types (number, string, boolean, undefined, null, symbol) and non-primitive types (object).
Dynamic Typing
[3] JavaScript’s feature where variable types are determined at runtime and can change with new assignments.
Variable Declaration
[3] Use let for mutable variables and const for constants; avoid var to prevent scope-related issues.
Function Definition
[3] Functions can be defined using declarations (e.g., function name(parameters) { ... }), expressions, or arrow functions.
Objects
[3] Data structures defined with curly braces { key: value } that store collections of properties; accessed via dot or bracket notation.
Arrays
[3] Ordered collections defined with square brackets [], with elements accessed by zero-based index.
JSON
[3] JavaScript Object Notation, a lightweight data interchange format; use JSON.stringify() to serialize and JSON.parse() to deserialize objects/arrays.
Conditional Branching
[3] Control flow using if, else if, else, and switch statements based on Boolean conditions.
Truthy/Falsy
[3] Concepts in JavaScript where values are coerced to Boolean, with values like 0, '', NaN, undefined, and null evaluating as falsy.
Type Conversion
[3] The importance of using explicit type conversions or strict equality to avoid unexpected Boolean coercions in conditions.
Looping Statements
[3] Constructs like while, do...while, and various forms of for loops used to iterate over code blocks.
For Loop Variants
[3] Traditional for loops for known iteration counts, for...of for iterating over iterable objects (like arrays or strings), and for...in for iterating over object properties.
First-Class Functions
[4] Functions that can be assigned to variables, passed as arguments, and returned from other functions.
Function Declaration
[4] Defining a function using the syntaxfunction functionName(parameters) { ... }
that is hoisted.
Function Expression
[4] Creating a function as an expression (often anonymous) that is not hoisted.
Arrow Function
[4] A concise syntax for writing functions, e.g., x => expression.
Higher-Order Function
[4] A function that takes one or more functions as arguments and/or returns a function (e.g., array methods like map(), filter(), and reduce()).
Anonymous Function
[4] A function defined without a name, commonly used as a function expression or arrow function.
Closure
[4] A function that captures variables from its lexical scope, enabling persistent state and data encapsulation.
Encapsulation
[4] Bundling state (data) and behavior (methods) within an object.
Object Literal
[4] Creating an object using curly braces, e.g., { key: value }.
Constructor Function
[4] A function used with the new operator to create objects with state and behavior.
ES6 Class
[4] A modern syntax for defining classes with a constructor, methods, and inheritance using extends.
Prototype
[4] An internal object that every JavaScript object inherits properties and methods from, enabling delegation.
Inheritance
[4] Sharing behavior and properties between objects via the prototype chain or using class syntax with extends.
Object.create()
[4] A method to create a new object with a specified prototype.
Object Destructuring
[4] Extracting properties from an object into variables using syntax likeconst { prop1, prop2 } = object;.
Array Destructuring
[4] Extracting elements from an array into variables using syntax likeconst [a, b, c] = array;.
Exceptions
[4] Mechanisms for handling runtime errors using throw, try...catch, and optionally finally.
Throw
[4] A statement used to signal that an error or unusual condition has occurred.
Try...Catch
[4] A block structure for handling exceptions; try contains code that may throw an error, and catch handles it.
Custom Error
[4] An Error object with a custom message to provide clearer information about an error.
JavaScript Modules
[4] A system for splitting code into separate files to encapsulate functionality and avoid global namespace pollution.
Note 
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