Psychology Unit Review

HSP 3U1

Psychodynamic Theories

an approach to therapy that focuses on resolving a patients conflicted conscious and unconscious theories

Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud’s theory that all human behaviour is influenced by early childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind throughout life.

Psychodynamic Theorists

Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychologist

concept of human consciousness with ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO

ID

unconscious instincts - run by pleasure principle - depicted as the devil

EGO

reality - surpresses the urges of ID - depicted as you - balances ID and SUPEREGO which creates parsonality

SUPEREGO

morality - the conscience of the mind - depicted as an angel

*Label Image of Iceberg*

half superego, top quarter ego, bottom quarter id, ego partially underwater

Free Association

patients relax and say everything that comes to mind (say first word that comes to mind)

Unconscious Mind

The part of the mind that doesnt require conscious thoughts sot work - hidden thoughts, desires, emotions, habits

Conscious Mind

The part of the mind that you think about and are aware of - logical

Defence Mechanisms

used by EGO to distort reality and “make things okay”

Repression

unacceptable desires or impulses are excluded from the consciousness and pushed to the unconscious - ex. not remembering a tramautic childhood abusive situation

Denial

A person refuses to recognize that something is painful - ex. smokers denying that it is bad for their health

Displacement

Shifting emotion from original focus to another object person or situation - ex. student gets a bad grade on a test and says “the teacher hates me”

Projection

A person attributes their own threatening impulses onto someone else - ex. you accuse bf/gf of cheating on you beause you feel like cheating on them

Neurotic Disorder

a mental disorder involving anxiety and fear

Karen Horney

Neo-freudian, feminist psychologist - didnt believe that personality is strongly influenced by sexual conflicts in childhood and she believed that freuds theories did not accurately represent females - helped develop neurotic disorder theories

Neo-freudian

somewhat agree with freuds theories

Psychometrics

Feminine Psychology

field with issues unique to females - “female human identity” - issues confronted by females in their lifetime - highlights gender bias in traditional psychological theories - promotes new thinking

Carl Jung

once fruds student - didagreed with him - founded analytical psychology - believed that achieving balance in the psyche would allow people to reach their full potential

Analytical Psychology

branch of psychology founded by carl jung based on the idea that balancing a persons psyche would allow them to reach their full potential

Collective Unconscious

the shared, inherited pool of memories from our ancestors

Personal Unconscious

unique to each individual

Archetypes

universal symbols that tend to appear over time - includes models of poeple, behaviours, and personalities - ex. mom vs dad, circle …

Personality

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator

personality test based on Jungs theory

problems: easily fakes answers, validity,

Visitations Dreams

dreams where dead loved one visits

Big dreams and grief

life changing, (transformative), important to understand for growth

Analysis of Eds dreams

dreams are brains way of making sense of random neurons OR symbolic of peoples emotions - EMBODIMENT OF THOUGHTS FROM WAKING LIVES

dreams of dead are ____

because of condusion and denial/ symbolic of emotionsl struggle

Why big dreams in REM

brain is most awake (AMYGDALA and HIPPOCAMPUS active)

Reasons why we dream (7)

1. To fulfil our wishes
2. To remember
3. To forget
4. To keep our brains working
5. To rehearse
6. To heal
7. To solve problems

How does A Beautiful Mind illustrate the impact of mental illness on relationships?

strain with wife - she decides to stay

made fun of by others

not many friends

jobs

stigma

trust issues

Schools of Thought

Psychodynamic
Behavourial
Humanist

Cognitive

(Pibbles Belly Has Corn)

Personality

an individuals pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

4 Functional types of personality

thinking (reason

feeling (emotion)

sensation (5 senses)

intuition (perception)

psychometrics

science of mesuring mental capacities and processes

Psychodynamic

resolves patients conscious and unconscious mind

Behavourial

belief that psychologists need empirical evidence to understand and change human behaviour (using science)

Pavlov - dog drooling exp

Skinner - skinner box

Humanist

focus on patient relationship

qualitative

understand person as a whole

basis of modern practice to help client come to understanding

Cognitive

study of how the brain learns - considers mental states, beliefs, motivations, and desires

cognition - the mental processes in the brain

Albert Bandura  (1925-)

Elizabeth Loftus 1944-

empirical evidence/ research

info from direct observations/ obtained from multiple subjects (objective scientific experimint)

Classical conditioning

ivan pavlov (1849-1936)

dog drool experiement

something natural triggers a response

Operant Conditioning

BF Skinner (1904-1990)

reward/punishment to make behaviours

Skinner box and rat 

when rat stops = extinction

classical and operant conditioning used to treat _____, ______, and _____ _______

anxiety, phobias, and panic disorders

Unconditioned Response vs Conditioned Response

natural response to stimulus vs a learned response to prev. natural stimulus

Humanist psychologists

Abraham Maslow, Viktor Frankl, Carl Rogers

Abraham Maslow

found humanist psych

studied “well” people (not sick) - study well to understand how to help unwell

self actualizing

heiarchy of needs

Self Actualizing

reaching ones full potential

Heiarchy of needs

5. physiologial needs (basic) - food water shelter clothes

4. safety needs (basic) - safety, security

3. belongingness + love needs (psychological) - intimate relationships, friends, connection

2. Esteem needs (psychological) - confidence, accomplishment, respect

1. self actualization (self fulfilment) - achieving ones full potential, experience purpose

lowers must be met before highers can - people can move up or down

BAD? - no science, other factors, educated white males, one step to next (x)

Viktor Frankl

1905 - 1997

exp in concentration camp

people whi survived had something to live for

logotherapy

EVERYONE is born wanting to seek meaning of live

motivated by need for meaning

free will

Logotherapy

help patient find meaning in life as human (no mental health)

Free will

power to shape your own life

Carl Rogers

1902 - 1987

Client centrered therapy

focus on present/future only

more value to conscious

*people are basically good and need to self actualize

client centered therapy

focus on potential of each person to realize their own growth in self awareness/fulfilment

Client Centered model

warm environment, express feelings w/o judgement, underlying motivations, greater insight/self acceptance, new ways of thinking, behaviour changes, basis of modern psychotherapy

Humanism in education

student centered (open edu), be curious, creative, independent, grow, co-operative learners

teacher try to understand student

principles of open education

1. students need to understand themselves before aquiring knowledge

2. knowing how to learn is better than knowledge

3. self evaluation is the only meaningful eval. of work

4. feelings = as important as facts

5. learn best in non threatening environments

2 major brain regions that develop in adolescence

amygdala (limbic system) and prefrontal cortex

Prefontal Cortex

problem solving, thiking clearly, descision making, emotional management, planning, judjement, impulse control —————- grayson

not fully dev. until 25

Limbic system

(amygdala big) controls emotions, risk taking, pleasure seeking, fight or flight ————- jameson

intense emotions and impulseive behavoius

why are teens riskier than adults

reward seeking (limbic system) but not good decisions (prefrontal cortex not developed)

synaptic pruning

brain gets rid of unused or weak connections to be more efficient

Sleep helps the teen brain by

synaptic pruning, pysical/mental/emotional health, grow, develop, sort/ process memories and emotions

Parents and adults role in helping teens develop

teachers, set examples, set expectations

cognition

the mental processes in the brain

Albert Bandura (1925-)

why same situation = different responses?

people learn by watching and imitating

bobo doll experiment

social cognitive theory 

social cognitive theory

perspective on persons personality that takes a persons motivation, environment, and behaviour into account  

used to predict/change individual/group behaviour

Bobo doll experiment

woman beat up doll - kid observed - kid was violent to doll (ethical???)

Elizabeth Loftus

1944-

studies false memories (flexibility and reliablility of repressed memories)

repressed memories rarely exist - can be created through suggestion (questioning)

how does the brain work documentary

inferred motion

WATSON - supercomputer on jepoardy

brain runs on electrical impulses - magnetic wand can control (TMS)

TMS changes how person thinks - can shut off brains - judgement of freddy and teddy

falling exp - slower? no

synesthesia - blend of senses

Developmental psychology

how the human body changes phys/mental - explains how we change

Sigmund Freud’s developmental psychology table

psychosexual stages of development 

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Jean Piaget’s developmental psychology table

Piagets stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational

Erik Erikson’s developmental psychology table

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, integrity vs despair

Henry Harlow

attatchment experiment

monkey fed by wire mom and given cloth mom. monkey went to cloth mom over wire mom for comfort

Parts of the brain

left and right hemispheres, frontal lobe, corpus callosum, temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, cerebral cortex

left hemisphere

communication, logic, math, language

right hemisphere

spatial awareness, visual imagery, facial recognition

fMRI

functional magnetic resonance imaging

see whtas happening in the brain by measuring blood flow

part of the brain with most blood flow = most active part for stimuli

Perception

the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting our sensations - a mix of what our senses take in and what our experience suggest

Perceptual constancy

how an object changes as we move but the brin knows it hasnt changes - building becoming bigger closer up

perceptual sets

your tendancy to see one thing and not another - influenced by experiences and expectations

3 ways social media is more dangerous than drugs

1. totalizing - EVERYONE uses it

2. Social - uses froends and social life to keep you connected (be jealous)

3. Intelligent and personalized - changes itself to keep you watching

cults vs social media

both pull you in by using your friends - cant leave friends 

how are snapstreaks destructive

gives people something they dont want to lose just to keep you on