Phlebotomy Exam 2

ancillary blood glucose test

bedside test to determine blood glucose levels, performed by dermal puncture

bleeding time test

Test that measures the length of time required for bleeding to stop after an incision is made

bilirubin, uric acid, phosphorus, and potassium (BURPP)

group of tests that may be elevated by use of povidone-iodine

bilirubin

substance produced by the normal breakdown of red blood cells that may accumulate in the blood

calcaneus

heel bone

capillary tubes

small plastic tube used primarily for hematocrit tests

iatorgenic anemia

anemia caused by excessive blood draws

microcollection tube

small tube used to collect dermal puncture samples, also called a "bullet"

osteochondritis

painful inflammation of the bone or catilage

osteomyelitis

bone infection

venous thrombosis

formation of a blood clot within a vein

Lasette laser lancing device

a device unique that uses a laser, rather than a sharp instrument, to pierce the skin which causes less pain and bruising

compartment syndrome

condition in which collection of fluid in a confined space prevents blood flow

edema

swelling that is caused when interstitial fluid is retained in the tissue

emesis

nausea and vomiting

hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

lymphostasis

lack of movement of lymph fluid

occluded

blocked

preanalytical variables

variable that occurs before performing analysis of the specimen

reflux

flow of blood from the collection tube back into the needle and then into the patient's vein

sclerosed

hardened

syncope

fainting

arterial blood gas testing

Determines the concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood and measures the pH.

collateral circulation

meaning it receives blood from more than one artery

radial artery

supplying the hand, artery of choice; has good collateral collection and easily accessible

brachial artery

large, easy to palpate and puncture. Located in the antecubital fossa below the basilic vein near the insertion of the biceps muscle

femoral artery

largest artery used, located in the groin area about the thigh, lateral to the pubic bone. Used when other sites are unavailable

modified allen test

most common method used to assess the adequecy of collateral circulation in the radial artery

arteriospasm

the spontaneous constriction of an artery in response to pain. may close the artery, preventing oxygen from reaching tissue

embolism

blood vessel obstruction caused by an air bubble or dislodged clot in the artery. can cause arterial occlusion (blockage) leading to loss of blood flow

hematoma

resulting from inadequate pressure on the site. more likely in elderly patients, whose artery walls are not as elastic and thus as not as likely to close spontaneously

hemorrhage

more likely in patients who have coagulation disorders or are recieving anticoagulant therapy (heparin or warfarin)

infection

from skin contaminants. contaminants easily carried to the rest of the body without encountering the immune system

nerve damage

caused by inadvertent contact with a nerve. this is more likely during arterial puncture than venipuncture because the needle passes more deeply into the tissue

lipemic sample

serum or plasma appear turbid

flea

metal filing used to mix blood with additives in small tubes

hyperventilation

rapid, shallow breathing

partial pressure of carbon dioxide

amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in blood

partial pressure of oxygen

amount of oxygen dissolved in the blood

respiratory steady state

State required for arterial blood gas collection, in which blood gas concentrations are steady

umbilical artery

artery used for arterial collection in infants

accession number

unique identifying number used for cataloging a sample in the laboratory

aerosol

mist of droplets

aliquots

portion of a sample

analytes

substance being analyzed

centrifuge

separation of components of a sample based on density by using a machine that spins a sample at a very high speed

pneumatic tube system

sample transport system in which samples are carried in a sealed container within a network of tubes

jaundice

yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood

neonatal screening

used to detect inherited metabolic disorders that cause severe brain damage or other impairments

sickle cell anemia

inherited disorder of the hemoglobin molecule may also be screened

arterial line

vascular access device that is placed in an artery for continuous monitoring of blood pressure or frequent collection of samples for blood gas testing

arteriovenous (AV) shunt

artificial connection between an artery and a vein

Bili light

ultraviolet light treatment for elevated bilirubin

Biotinidase deficiency

inherited metabolic disorder

broviac

type of central venous catheter

central venous catheter

most common vascular device, inserted into one of the large veins emptying into the heart

external arteriovenous shunt

AV shunt consisting of a cannula with a rubber septum through which a needle may be inserted for drawing blood

fistula

permanent internal connection between an artery and vein

galactosemia

recessive genetic disorder: characterized by body's inability to tolerate galactose

groshong

a type of central venous catheter

heparin lock

tube temporarily placed in a peripheral vein; used to administer medicine and draw blood

Hickman

a type of central venous catheter

homocystinuria

A disorder of methionine metabolism, leading to an abnormal accumulation of homocysteine and its metabolites (homocystine, homocysteine-cysteine complex, and others) in blood and urine.

Hypothryoidism

condition caused by too little secretion of thyroid hormones

implanted port

chamber located under the skin and connected to an indwelling line

internal arteriovenous shunt

AV shunt consisting of a fistula that uses the patient's tissue, a piece of bovine tissue, or a synthetic tube

Kernicterus

brain damage caused by bilirubin entering the brain

maple syrup disease

Deficiency of *α-Ketoacid Dehydrogenase*

Responsible for the degradation of *branched* amino acids (Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine).

Presents with Urine that smells like maple syrup and severe CNS defects.

Treatment: restriction of I, L V amino acids and must give thiamine (vit. B1) supplementation

peripherally inserted central catheter

a vascular access device threaded into a central vein after insertion into a peripheral (non-central) vein.

phenylketonuria

a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

vascular access device

tube that is inserted into either a vein or an artery; used to administer fluids or medications, monitor blood pressure, or draw blood

aerobic bacteria

bacteria that need oxygen

agglutination

sticking together

anaerobic bacteria

bacteria that live without oxygen

bacteriemia

blood infection by a bacterium

basal state

the body's state after 12 hours of fasting and abstention from strenuous exercise

blood culture

test for the presence of microorganisms in the blood

chain of custody

protocol that ensures the sample is always in the custody of a person legally entrusted to be in control of it

chlorohexide gluconate

preferred antiseptic for blood culture

cold agglutinations

an antibody often formed in response to infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae

Cryofibrinogen

Abnormal type of fibrogen that precipitates when cold

cryoglobulin

Abnormal serum protein that precipitates when cold

differential count

determinations of the proportions of the various blood cell types

diurnal variation

normal daily fluctuations in body chemistry related to hormonal cycles, sleep-wake cycles, and other regular patterns of change

epinephrine tolerance test

Test that determines the patient's ability to mobilize glycogen from the liver in response to a dose of the hormone epinephrine

fasting specimen

Specimen drawn after a 12-hour complete fast

feathered edge

blood smear characteristic in which cells farther from the original drop appear to thin out

fever of unknown origin (FUO)

fever without a known cause

gestational diabetes

a form of diabetes mellitus that occurs during some pregnancies

glucagon tolerance test

test that determines the patient's ability to mobilize glycogen from the liver in response to a dose of the hormone glucagon

half-life

the time for half the ingested amount of drug to be metabolized

hemoglobin A1c

a blood protein used to track long-term blood sugar levels

Hereditary Hemochromatosis

excessive iron in the blood

hyperglycemia

high level of blood sugar (glucose)

hypoglycemia

low level of blood sugar (glucose)

lactose tolerance test

Test that determines whether the lactose-digesting enzyme lactase is present in the gut

oral glucose tolerance test

Test for diabetes mellitus

peak level

highest serum level of a drug

Polycythemia

excessive production of red blood cells

sepsis

bacterial infection