learning

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov

classical conditioning, Pavlov’s dog

classical conditioning

associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produces involuntary response

unconditioned stimulus (US or UCS)

stimulus that naturally + automattically triggers UR. // ex. food

unconditioned response (UCR or UR)

involuntary reaction to UCS // ex. salivation

conditioned stimulus (CS)

unrelated neutral thing that elicits the same response as the US does // ex. bell sound

conditioned response (CR)

reaction to the CS because of the the US

neutral stimulus (NS)

something doesn’t give a response, not related // ex. a bell and food

discriminative stimulus

stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement. ex. pigeons only pecking at human faces, because it recognizes that for food

learning

The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

acquisition

initial stage when one links NS to an US so that NS triggers CR

extinction

diminishing of CR, when US doesn't follow CS; occurs in operant conditioning when response is no longer enforced. process of unlearning behavior

spontaneous recovery

reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

generalization

tendency to respond to similar stimuli the same.

discrimination

learned ability to distinguish CS to similar stimuli. operant conditioning same thing except with reinforcement

habituation

decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated exposure to a stimulus. Ex. Your friend scaring you with “boo” then you not reacting as much the next time they did that to you.

delayed conditioning

present CS then w/ US while CS is there. // ex. a dog hears bell ring (CS) then its food (US) is present, the dog still hearing the bell

trace conditioning

CS then short break, then US // ex. a dog hears a bell, then after a few minutes, get’s food

simultaneous conditioning

CS and US are presented at same time // ex. the bell being rung at the same time the food went out

backward conditioning

US presented first and is followed by CS // ex. the dog got food and then the food rang

John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner

tested (trauamatized) a little boy names Albert with conditioning. Albert liked white, fluffy rat. But because when paired the rat with a loud noise (for UR of fear), Albert cried when he saw the rat

aversive conditioning

form of learning to associate an unpleasant stimulus with a behavior that’s negative // ex. albert (in watson and rayner’s experiment) being conditioned to cry when seeing the fluffy cute rat

second-order or higher-order conditioning

once first order conditioning (CS = UR), you can add another neutral stimulus to be conditioned (NEW NS, through conditioning = UR)

learned taste aversions

opposition to certain foods because of past conditioning and same response of past conditioning // ex. nausea or feeling sick and Mexican food

salient

most noticeable

John Garcia & Robert Koelling

made experiment illustrating how rats readily learned to make associations than others. rats associated noise with shock and unusual tasting water with nausea

operant conditioning

type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely because of reward/reinforcer, less if punished

law of effect

thorndike's principle. rewareded behaviors recur, punsed are less likely to reoccur

instrumental learning

operant conditioning (rewards & reinforcements)

skinner box (operant chamber)

box that has a way to deliver food to an animal and a lever to press or disk to peck in order to get the food also known as skinner's box

reinforcER

anything that makes behavior more likely to occur // ex. food

reinforceMENT

consequence of behavior // ex. giving the food

positive reinforcement

to add a desirable stimulus. when presented after a response, strengthens response // ex. a parent letting them go to the park after they finish their work

negative reinforcement

releiving behaviors that strengthens that behavior toward a stimulus; removes something unpleasant // ex. hitting snooze on alarm or a parent stops yelling after they finish their work

escape learning

learning that allows one to stop but not end an unwanted stimulus // ex. Dave hates calculus class and cries so he can leave

avoidance learning

learning enables one to end or cut the unpleasant stimulus altogeher // ex. Dave hates calculus class so he cuts it from his schedule

any type of reinforcement results in the behavior being

more likely to be repeated

punishment

anything that makes a behavior less likely

positive punishment

addition of something unpleasant to decrease an unwanted behavior // ex. a mom yelling at their kid to clean their room

omission training/negative punishment

removal of something pleasant to decrease an unwanted behavior // ex. having your phone taken away when you pass curfew

shaping

guide behavior toward close and close desired behavior // ex. a rat in a skinner’s box that’s reinforced to touch the lever with any parts of its body, then slowly they learn to associate the lever with an action to pull it

chaining

to perform a number of responses sucessibely in order to get a reward. reinforces for a more complex activity // ex. rat running an obstacle ourse

primary reinforcers

our innate reinforcers to satisfy our biological needs // ex. food, water, rest

secondary reinforcers

reinforcers that are things we have learned to value // ex. praise, getting g a change to play a video game, etc.

generalized reinforcers

reinforcers that can be traded for anything // ex. token economy or money

token economy

every time people perform a desired behavior, they are given a token. they’re allowed to trade tokens for the reinforcer they want // ex. Ms. porter’s math dollars

continuous reinforcement schedule

reinforce desired response every time it occurs

partial-reinforcement schedule

reinforcing partially. slower acquisition, but greater resistance to extinction

all partial-reinforcement types	ratio	interval
fixed
variable

all partial-reinforcement types	ratio	interval
fixed	def: reinforcement delivered after a set number of responses ex: restaurant gives you a free meal after you purchase ten meals	def: reinforcement delivered after a behavior is performed after a set amount of time ex: going to get lunch at a restaurant who has a discount at lunch time
variable	def: reinforcement is delivered after a variable (random) number of responses ex: slot machines give a random chance to win but it takes hundreds of times	def: reinforcement delivered after a behavior is performed following passage of a random amount of time ex: checking your mail when your letter carrier’s schedule is unpredictable

instinctive drift

the tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns // ex. going back to our natural habits of wanting to rest all day or pigs burying disks in the ground instead of stacking them

observational learning or modeling

learning by observing and imitating others // ex. Bobo doll experiment where kids observed and imitated adults being aggressive towards the doll

contiguity model

Pavlov. strength of associating 2 events and # of times

contingency model

Rescorla. strength of associating 2 events depends on the prediction from one event to the other

latent learning

learning that occurs but isn't apparent unless incentive to demonstrate it // ex. Tolman’s experiment where he tested 3 groups of rats. the third group that was only rewarded in the second half only completed the maze. This is because the first round they didn’t have incentive to rush, so they made a mental map of the maze. This then made them finish the maze in the second half.

Edward Tolman

studied latent learning

insight learning

when one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem // ex. after a test you realized the answer the question that you were stuck for 30 min on 😞

Wolfgang Kohler

known for studying insight learning in chimpanzees

insight learning in Kohler’s chimpanzees

Kohler realized chimpanzees didn’t gradually try to solve the problem of a banana hanging that they couldn’t reach, but instead suddenly started stacking boxes to get it. this experiment shows nonhuman animals are also capable of insight

Albert Bandura

studied observational learning or modeling

Robert Rescorla

made contingency model, revised Pavlov

problem-focused coping

attemting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with stressor

intrinsic motivation

desire to perform behavior effectively for own sake

personal control

our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless

prosocial behaviors

posive, contstructive, helpful behavior

extrinsic motivation

desire to perform to received promised rewards/avoid threatened punishment

emotion-focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring stressor and attending our emotional needs bec. of stressor

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scintists beleive fire when we perform certain actions/observe

Learning

The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Association learning

Learning that certain events occurs together

In association learning, operant conditioning acts…

We learn to associate a response + its consequence. Ex. Saying please = will have what i want

Respondent behabior

Behavior occurs automatically to some stimulus

Operant behavior

Operates on environment, producing consequences.

Habits form when…

We repeat behaviors in a given context

behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be objective (2) that studies behavior wothout referendefs to mental processes - aka consiousness. most psychologists agree with 1 not 2

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness w/ repeated exposure to a stimulus. Ex. Your friend scaring you with “boo” then you not reacting as much the next time they did that to you. operant conditioning

punishment

event that decrases behavior that it follows

postive punishment

adding on things to punish behavior. ex. sprarying a dog water when it barks negative punishement withdrawal of an awarding stimulus. ex. taking away phone

physical punishmnent...

1. behavior is suppressed, not forgotten
2. teaches discrimination among situationns
3. teaches fear
4. may increase aggression

preparedness

a biological predisposition to learn association, such as tate and nausea

observational leraning

learning by observing others (social learning)

modleing

the process of observing and imitating others