SOC 1000 PART 3

social capital

social capital

networks or connections that people have

status cues

visual indicators of a person’s social position

stereotypes

rigid views of how members of various groups act, regardless of whether individual group members really behave that way

increased network central =

increased social capital

norms of solidarity demand conformity

forming relationships (friends, lovers, teammates) we develop shared ideas about how we behave toward them to sustain relationship

structures of authority tend to render people obedient

difficult to disobey authorities because they fear ridicule, ostracism and punishment

what else does social capital associate with?

quality of connections

strong ties vs weak ties

strong - close friends, family

weak - acquaintances, cashier or barista, ‘father’s colleague’

network constraint

represents mathematical relationship between several variables

increased centrality and proximity to structural hole = decreased network constraint

spontaneous vs formal

spontaneous - sensitive to change, person cannot be replaced

formal - nodes are organizational roles which means they can be replaced

organizations

collectivities characterized by structure that encourage patterns in individual action

social networks

bounded set of units (individuals, organizations, countries) that are linked by the exchange of material or emotional resources

social group

consists of one or more social networks of people who identify with one another and adhere to defined norms, roles, and statues

social categories

a group composed of people who share similar status but do not identify with one another

groupthink

group pressure to conform despite individual misgivings

bystander apathy

observe someone in emergency but does not offer to help because they feel no relationships

reference group

group of people against whom individuals evaluates their own situation or conduct

primary group

• norms, roles, statues are agreed on but are not put into writing, leads to strong emotional ties

• family is the most important primary group

secondary group

• larger and impersonal than primary group

• creates weaker emotional ties

formal organizations

secondary groups designed to achieve specific and explicit objective

institutions

made up of multiple organizations that are formally networked

what is institutionalization?

the process by which an informal network become formal through organization

institutional change

resistant to change (behaviour of a persona doesn’t have a impact on organizations

‘iron cage of bureaucracy’

when structures develop the complexity associated with late industrialization
organizational networks get complex → resistant to change → difficult for people to introduce creativity

bureaucracy

large and impersonal organization composed of many clearly defined positions arranged in hierarchy

what are the dependent variable in inequality?

income inequality, safety, resources, access to education, health outcomes, social recognition

‘proximity to necessity’

ex. how close are you to experience a moment of being hungry or not be able to eat,
risk to go hungry = proximate to necessity

what are the independent variable in inequality?

class, gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, sexuality, etc.

why are social movements important?

to improve conditions for marginalized communities

intersectionality

intersecting identities are often associated with particular experiences of social inequality

race inequality variables

wealth and income, safety, education, health outcomes, social recognition

prejudice

an attitude that judges people on their group’s real or imagined characteristics

discrimination

unfair treatment of people because of their group membership

what was Du Bois's theory of inequality?

that no real equality was provided from ending slavery

the veil - Du Bois

describes the inability of escaping racial categorization for non-whites

james (2019) study

• studied the experiences of black students in canada

• observed lower academic performance, least likely to attend university and graduate

james (2019) study - stereotypes

• interested in sports

• disruptive and disrespectful

• lack of academic discipline

• criminality

race

social construct used to distinguish people in terms of one or more physical markers, usually with profound effects on their lives

scapegoat

disadvantaged person or category of people whom others blame for their own problems

ethnic group

comprises people whose perceived cultural markers are deemed socially significant. differ from one another in terms of language, religion, customs, values, ancestors, and the like

vertical mosaic

highly ethnically and racially stratified society

visible minority

refers to non-indigenous people who are ‘non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour’
including south asian, chinese, black, filipino, latin american, arab, southeast asia, west asia, korean, and japanese canadians

first nations

status indians and non-status indians

status indians

indigenous people who live throughout canada and are registered as indians under the indian act, most of whom belong to a band that signed a treaty with the crown

non-status indians

indigenous people who live throughout canada and were once status indians but lost that status

metis

canadians of indigenous and european (usually french) origin who reside mainly in the western provinces and ontario

inuit

indigenous canadians who reside in the country’s northern regions

symbolic ethnicity

a nostalgic allegiance to the culture of the immigrant generation or that of the old country that is not usually incorporated into everyday behaviour

racism

belief that a visible characteristic of a group, such as skin colour, indicates group inferiority and justifies discrimination

institutional racism

bias that is inherent in social institutions and is often not noticed by members of the majority group

colonialism

involves people from one country invading and taking political, cultural, and economic control over people in another country

internal colonialism

involves one race or ethnic group subjugating another in the same country. it prevents assimilation by segregating the subordinate group in terms of jobs, housing, and social contacts

assimilation

the process by which a minority group blends into the majority population and eventually disappears as a distinct people in the larger society

explusion

forcible removal of a population from a territory claimed by another population

genocide

the intentional extermination of an entire population defined as a race or a people

conquest

the forcible capture of land and the economic and political domination of its inhabitants

gender differences

it is enforced at a young age that there are differences and cultural standards between boys and girls

heteronomativity

a norm that expresses a preference for heterosexuality

feminist methodologies

• research methods that refuse to recognize men as the sole standard of scholarly judgment

• instead seeking to include women’s diverse experiences as legitimate topics of inquiry and develop techniques of data collection that are appropriate to their subject matter

gender discrimination

rewarding men and women differently for the same work

what is gender-based inequality?

political inequality, exclusion, compulsory domesticity, sexual violence, occupational sex segregation

pay equity

• equal pay for work value, or the equal value, or the equal dollar value of different jobs

occupational sex segregation

women are concentrated in lower income professions (daycare workers, domestic service providers, etc.)

acquaintance rape

sexual assault involving intercourse committed by a non-relative whom the victims knows

quid pro quo sexual harassment

takes place when sexual threats or bribery are made a condition of employment decisions

hostile environment sexual harassment

involves sexual jokes, touching, and comments that interfere with work or create an unfriendly work environment

vertical occupational sex segregation

within every occupation (including high income professions), women are clustered in the lower income earning sectors of the occupation

gender roles

the behaviours associated with widely shared expectations about how males and females are supposed to act

gender ideology

set of ideas about what constitutes appropriate masculine and feminine roles and behaviour

what are the gender-role attitudes towards domestic labour?

some people believe that domestic labour is less than physical or career work so it shouldn't be paid

which parent in a hetero couple is most influential on their child's equalitarian views?

mother's parenting style is more influential than a father's behaviour