DNA and Protein Synthesis

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50 Terms

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adenine

One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA.

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anticodon

A sequence of three nucleotides on tRNA that is complementary to a specific codon on mRNA during translation.

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base

A nitrogenous molecule that forms part of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA.

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chromosome

A structure made of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information in the nucleus of a cell.

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codon

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during translation.

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complementary base pair

A pair of nitrogenous bases in DNA that are connected by hydrogen bonds, such as adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine.

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cytosine

One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms.

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double helix

The twisted ladder shape formed by two strands of DNA held together by complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonds.

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gene

A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building one or more molecules of RNA or protein.

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genetic code

The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells.

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guanine

One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA and RNA.

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mRNA

Messenger RNA, a type of RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

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methionine

An amino acid that serves as the start codon in protein synthesis.

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mutation

A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in protein structure or function.

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nucleotide

The building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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ribosome

A cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into amino acid sequences.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays a role in various biological processes, including protein synthesis.

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stop codon

A sequence of three nucleotides on mRNA that signals the end of protein synthesis.

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thymine

One of the four nucleotide bases in DNA.

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transcription

The process by which the genetic information in DNA is copied into RNA.

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translation

The process by which the genetic information in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins.

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tRNA

Transfer RNA, a type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

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uracil

One of the four nucleotide bases in RNA.

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nucleus

A membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and controls cellular activities.

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chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes.

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histone proteins

Proteins that help package DNA into a compact and organized structure.

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nuclear pore

A protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the passage of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

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rough endoplasmic reticulum

A network of membrane-bound tubes and sacs studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and processing.

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vesicle

A small, membrane-bound sac that transports and stores substances within a cell.

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golgi apparatus

An organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and secretion of proteins and lipids.

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3' and 5' ends of DNA

The two ends of a DNA strand, with one end having a free 3' hydroxyl group and the other end having a free 5' phosphate group.

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promoter region

A specific sequence of DNA that initiates the transcription of a particular gene.

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TATA box/region

A DNA sequence that helps position RNA polymerase to initiate transcription.

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template strand

The DNA strand that is used as a template during transcription to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule.

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transcription factors

Proteins that bind to DNA and help regulate the transcription of genes.

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RNA polymerase

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

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intron

A non-coding region of DNA that is transcribed into RNA but is removed during RNA processing.

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exon

A coding region of DNA that is transcribed into RNA and is retained in the final processed RNA molecule.

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peptide bond

The covalent bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis.

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polypeptide

A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming part of a protein molecule.

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primary structure

The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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secondary structure

The local folding of a polypeptide chain into regular structures, such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

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tertiary structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein, determined by interactions between amino acid side chains.

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quaternary structure

The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein complex.

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epigenetics

The study of changes in gene expression or cellular phenotype that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence.

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methylation

The addition of a methyl group to DNA, often associated with gene silencing.

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acetylation

The addition of an acetyl group to a protein, often associated with gene activation.

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pluripotent stem cells

Stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into any type of cell in the body.

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cell differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.