autopolyploid
more then 2 sets of chromosomes
allopolyploid
2 or more sets chromosomes from different species
euploid
normal chromosome number
aneuploid
abnormal chromosome number
triploid
additional set chromosome 69 3n
tetraploid
two additional sets chromosomes 4n 92
monoploid
only ½ number of chromosomes
monosomy
absence of one member of pair of chromosome
trisomy
an additional chromosome
cis acting
help transcription on the gene
trans acting
help transcription off the gene
nondisjunction
failure of chromosomes to separate
transcription
DNA→RNA
translation
RNA→amino acid
protenome
complete set of protiens
germline mutation
A gene change in a body's reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring. Germline mutations are passed on from parents to offspring.
somatic cells
diploid body cells
point mutation
a single base pair mutation. added, deleted, changed
substitution mutation
replaces one base resulting in any letter change
silent mutation
change in DNA has no change in amino acid
missense mutation
change in DNA makes different amino acid
nonsense mutation
change in DNA makes stop codon
frameshift mutation
insertion or deletion not in a multiple of 3 resulting in completely different amino acids
transition
point mutation that changes a purine nucleotide to another purine (A ↔ G), or a pyrimidine nucleotide to another pyrimidine (C ↔ T).
transversion
a point mutation in DNA in which a single (two ring) purine (A or G) is changed for a (one ring) pyrimidine (T or C), or vice versa
inversion
happens when a section of DNA breaks away and reattaches to the chromosome in a reversed order.
insertion
addition of 1 or more nucleotides
duplication
one or more extra copies of DNA is produced
recombinant DNA
made with fragments from 2 or more sources
restriction enzyme
protein that cleaves DNA at specific spots
restriction digest
a process in which DNA is cut at specific sites, dictated by the surrounding DNA sequence.
sticky end
overhangs of single-stranded DNA molecules after being cut with a restriction enzyme.
blunt end
The simplest DNA end of a double stranded molecule
selection medium
helps researchers identify their desired mutant host cell colonies during gene cloning. tell you which recipient host cells took up the vector versus those that did not
transformation
the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
Electroporation
induced transmembrane voltage by means of an external electric field of sufficient strength causes an increase in the conductivity and permeability of biological cell membranes.
competent cells
a cell's ability to take up foreign (extracellular) DNA from its surrounding environment.
blue/white screening
a screening technique that allows for the rapid and convenient detection of recombinant bacteria in vector-based molecular cloning experiments
blue colony means
the plasmid in the bacteria does not contain the gene of interest.
white colony means
the bacteria is carrying recombinant plasmids
southern blotting
detect DNA
northern blotting
detect RNA
western blotting
detect Proteins
probe
single stranded DNA/RNA that is radioactive to identify a wanted DNA/RNA
Beta Globin
Mutation formes sickel cell
FISH
Fluorescence in situ hybridization