Biology Final Study Flashcards

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribose nucleic acid.

What is Chargaff’s Rule?

Adenine matches with Thymine, Guanine matches with Cytosine.

Using Chargaff’s Rule, determine the percentage of thymine, adenine, and guanine in a DNA molecule if 15% of the nucleotides are cytosine.

15% cytosine, 15% guanine, 35% thymine, 35% adenine.

What type of bond holds the base pairs in DNA together?

Hydrogen bonds. 2 for Adenine and Thymine and 3 for Cytosine and Guanine.

Where is the DNA found in eukaryotic cells? What about in prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic: Nucleus, Prokaryotic: Nuclei

What are the proteins that DNA wraps around in order to form tight coils?

DNA wraps around histone proteins in order to form tight coils called nucleosomes.

What is DNA

Double stranded, contains deoxyribose, contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and is the original blueprint for protein synthesis, and contains instructions for growth, development, and reproduction.

What is RNA

 Single stranded, contains ribose, contains adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, and mainly creates proteins via translations of DNA.

mRNA (messenger)

 Carries the coding sequence for protein synthesis. The coding sequence determines the amino acid sequence in the protein produced.

tRNA (transfer)

Carries amino acids to the ribosomes during protein production and reads the genetic code during translation.

rRNA (ribosomal)

Forms the core of a cell’s ribosomes. Plays a structural and catalytic role in translation.

Transcribe the DNA strand into RNA, then translate the RNA into an amino acid sequence. (TAC GGC TAC TTC CTC ATT)

CCG AUG AAG GAG UAA: Amino Acid Sequence: Proline-Methionine-Lysine-Glutamic Acid, Stop Codon

Where does translation take place?

takes place on ribosomes in the cytoplasm of a cell.

What type of mutation is caused by substituting a single nucleotide in a codon

Point Mutation.

What type of mutation is most likely to cause disruptive changes and why?

Frameshift Mutation as it is the deletion or insertion of a base pair. Because of this, the codons will be read wrong, usually causing the amino acids to be wrong.

allele

the alternative form or version of a gene. people inherit one for each autosomal gene from each parent

phenotype

the observable physical properties of an organism

genotype

the genetic makeup of an organism

recessive

of or relating to a gene (= chemical pattern) that causes a particular characteristic only when it is passed on by both parents.

dominant

If the alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be expressed; it is that type of gene.

heterozygous

having different alleles for a particular trait

homozygous

having inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent

hybrid

the offspring resulting from combining the qualities of two organisms of different varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction

autosomal

a specific gene is not on a sex chromosome and is a numbered chromosome

sex-linked

characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes

gene

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

karyotype

an individual's complete set of chromosomes

chromosomes are there in a normal human somatic cell

23 pairs (46 total)s

 chromosomes are there in a normal human germ cell

23 pairs (46 total) g

 possible genotypes of the offspring that a plant with the genotype RRYy could produce

RY (homozygous dominant), RY (homozygous dominant), Ry (heterozygous), Ry (heterozygous).

Why can  male be a carrier for a sex-linked trait found on the X-chromosome

he carries only one chromosome. However, a female who carries two X chromosomes is generally unaffected.

Why are men more likely to be affected by sex-linked disorders

Because males only have a single copy of an X chromosome while females have two.

What do “HD”, “HR”, and “HY” stand for?

Homozygous Dominant (AA), Homozygous Recessive (aa), Heterozygous (Aa).

What is a pedigree tree?

shows how traits are passed each generation

 population

The amount of organisms in an environment.

What information did Darwin get from Lyell

Concept of gradualism

What information did Darwin get from Malthus

concept of extinction

What information did Darwin get from Lamarck

age of the earth

reason why lamarck’s theory of evolution is wrong

theorized that offspring inherit acquired traits from their parents, but correctly theorized that species evolved from other species.

 percentage of a radioactive element will remain

1 HL: 50%

2 HL: 25%

3 ½ HL: 18.75%

How do fossils form

sediments cover the animal

why is existence of fossils critical to darwin’s theory

able to prove the temporal succession of past life forms.

 Natural selection

organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

fitness

organism's ability to pass its genetic material to its offspring

adaptation

the biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or changes to their existing one

evolution

the process by which new species or populations of living things develop from preexisting forms through successive generations

homologous structure

an organ, system, or body part that shares a common ancestry in multiple organisms

variation

any difference between the individuals in a species or groups of organisms of any species

mutation

a change in the DNA sequence of an organism

coevolution

reciprocal evolutionary changes brought about by interactions between species

mass extinction

when species vanish much faster than they are replaced

vestigial organ

rudimentary anatomical structures that are retained in a species despite having lost their primary ancestral function

 stratum/strata

a subset (part) of the population (entire collection of items under consideration) which is being sampled.

relative dating

science of determining the relative order of past events without necessarily determining their absolute age

radiometric dating

a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon

half-life

the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value

geologic time scale

based on the the geological rock record, which includes erosion, mountain building and other geological events

DNA replication

the process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells

DNA helicase

enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes

purine

adenine and guanine (double ringed)

pyrimidine

thymine and cytosine (single ringed)

DNA polymerase

enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes

DNA ligase

enzyme required for the repair, replication and recombination

chromosomes

made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes

chromatin

unstranded of chromosome, contains proteins and dna

single stranded DNA

single linear strand of nucleic acid sequence

James Watson

played a crucial role in the discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Francis Crick

helped in determining the structure of DNA

Rosalind Franklin

Found out about the double helix of DNA

Proteins

large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acids

protein synthesis

the process in which cells make proteins

co-dominant

a type of inheritance in which two versions (alleles) of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual.

incompletely dominant

a form of Gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype

the struggle for existence

concerns the competition or battle for resources needed to live

descent with modification

the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor

survival of the fittest

in dangerous circumstances, only those individuals most adapted to their environment survive

trophic level

of an organism is the position it occupies in a food web

producer

organisms that make their own food; they are also known as autotrophs

consumer

an organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other plants and/or animals to get energy; known as heterotrophs

detritivore

organisms that break-down and feed on dead and decaying organic material

scavenger

n organism that mostly consumes decaying biomass, such as meat or rotting plant material

If the half life of iodine-131 is 8 days. how long will it take for a 50g sample to decay to 6.25g

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