Chapter 12 - Plant Kingdom

What are characteristics of ALL plants?

1. multicellular

2. plastids

3. cell walls

What are a plant’s organs?

stems, roots, and leaves

node

A region on a stem where a lead is or was attached

fibrous root systems

root system that consists or many nearly EQUAL-sized roots

lateral root system

the maximum linear distance (one-sided) from the stem of an individual plant reached by its roots.

opposite leaf arrangement

TWO leaves are attached at a node

What is composed in an annual growth ring?

xylem, phloem and the epidermis

xylem

the plant tissue that carries water from the roots to the leaves

What to nonvascular plants contain?

chloroplasts, epidermal cells and plastids

2 main groups of seed plants

gymnosperms and angiosperms

What do angiosperms produce?

fruit

What is the MINIMUM number of leaflets a leaf must have to be a compound leaf?

two

Why can’t nonvascular plants produce seeds?

They need the lowest amount of light for photosynthesis, so overall they are short and lack a vascular system to conduct water and nutrients. And they tend to survive in rather humid places on land and use spores for reproduction. So, instead of producing seeds to reproduce, they use spores.

gymnosperm examples

pine, spruce, cycad, ginko

cellulose

component of plant cell walls

turgor tressure

caused by the presence of water inside plant cells

plastid

a chloroplast, for example

xylem

made primarily of long, hallow cells that transport water

phloem

conducts sugar solution

vascular bundles

arrangements of xylem and phloem in leaves and nonwoody plants

fiber (or fibers)

the type of cell that can be used to make rope or cloth

epidermis

the outermost tissue of leaves, young roots, and young stems

cuticle

a waxy substance secreted by the epidermis

bark

the region of the outside of the xylem in a tree trunk

cork

produced by the cork cambium

vascular

the term for plants that have water-conduciting tissue

rhizoid

the rootlike anchoring structure of mosses

byrophytes

the plant group that contain the true mosses

hornwort

another nonvascular plant besides the mosses and liveworts

frond

a fern leaf

crosier

an immature, coiled fern leaf also known as a fiddlehead

horsetail

a plant which has silica in its cell walls

gynmosperms

the plant group having seeds that re not completley covered

angiosperms

the plant group known as the flowering plants

What branches at the nodes?

a leaf or leaves

primary root system

The early roots in young plants that consist of taproots, basal roots, and lateral roots. Secondary roots are the side branches of the primary roots.

petiole

the structure that attaches the leaf blade to the node

How do ferns produce?

The male structures release sperm that swim through the film of water of the moist habitat to fertilize the egg in the female structure.

morphology

the shape or form of an organism

anatomy

the bodily structure of an organism

taproot system

one or a few main roots that are thicker and longer than the other roots of the plant

woody stems

stems are the hard and not very flexible

herbaceous stem

the softer and more flexible type of stem

blade

the flat, green part of a leaf

compound leaf

a leaf blade looks like it has several indidual leaves

leaflet

each of the smaller pieces of the blade

veins

water and sugar conducting tissues

parallel venation

leaves that have larger veins that are parallel to each other

palmate ventation

veins on leaves that branch away from the base of the leaf

pinnate venation

leaves with one main vein extending the length of the leaf with smaller veins branching away from it along its entire length

alternate arrangement

a leaf arrangement that has only one leaf attached at a node

opposite arrangement

a leaf arrangement where TWO leaves are at each node

whorled arrangement

a leaf arrangement where two OR MORE leaves are at each node

2 characteristics of plant cells that are important to a plant’s survival

cell walls and pastids

What are cell walls largely made of?

cellulose

chloroplast

an organelle that can convert the sun’s light info food by photosynthesis

photosynthesis

a process by which plants make food

cholorophyll

a pigment that captures light energy

heartwood

old xylem

sapwood

the younger xylem that still carries water

vascular plants

palnts that have vascular tissue

nonvascular plants

plants that not have vascular tissue

The 3 main plant categories that you can put plants into

1. nonvascular plants

2. seedless vascular plants

3. seed vascular plants (or simply seed plants)

sphagnum

peat moss; it is usually used by gardeners as a soil conditioner

Examples of nonvascular plants

liverworts and hornworts

seedless vascular plants

Plants that rely on water more than the seed-producing plants. They require water for the transportation of certain cells involved in sexual reproduction.

fronds

fern leaves

seed plants

Plants that don’t rely on water for sexual reproduction. They reproduce by seeds rather than spores.

fruit

a protective covering for angiosperm plants