geography; migration

What is Migration?

Movement of people from one place to another.

Emigration

Leaving a country.

Immigration

Arriving in a country.

Net Migration Rate Formula

Net Migration Rate = Immigration – Emigration.

First Phase of Migration

Late 19th Century – Mid 20th Century, mainly from Europe to the Americas.

Reasons for First Phase Migration

Overpopulation in Europe, job opportunities in the Americas, improved maritime transport.

Effects of First Phase Migration

The Americas received millions of European immigrants and some countries reduced immigrant quotas.

Second Phase of Migration

Mid 20th Century – 1970, from Southern Europe and Africa to Western Europe and North America.

Reasons for Second Phase Migration

Post-WWII need for workers in Western Europe and high unemployment in Southern Europe and Africa.

Effects of Second Phase Migration

Temporary workers moved to France and Germany, leading to social tensions.

Third Phase of Migration

Late 20th Century – Present, characterized by migration within and between continents.

Reasons for Third Phase Migration

Economic issues, wars, conflicts, and environmental disasters.

Effects of Third Phase Migration

People move to wealthy countries for better opportunities, leading to both temporary and permanent migration.

Causes of Migration

Economic, humanitarian, family reunification, education, or lifestyle choices.

Effects of Migration on Origin Country

Fewer workers leading to economic problems, aging population, and remittances reducing poverty.

Effects of Migration on Destination Country

More workers boosting the economy, increased cultural diversity, and potential social conflicts.

Types of Migration by Space

Internal (within a country), International (between countries), Intercontinental (between continents), Intracontinental (within the same continent).

Types of Migration by Duration

Permanent (forever) and Temporary (short period, e.g., seasonal work).

Types of Migration by Decision

Voluntary (by choice) and Forced (due to war or disasters).

Migration in Portugal before WWII

People emigrated to Brazil, Venezuela, South Africa, and the USA due to poverty and wars.

Migration in Portugal 1950s-1970s

Many emigrated to France, Luxembourg, Switzerland, and Germany for work.

Migration in Portugal Post-2008 Crisis

Migration to the UK, Spain, and Switzerland due to economic difficulties.

Main sources of immigrants to Portugal

Mainly from Brazil, African countries, and Eastern Europe.

Economic Causes of Migration

People move for jobs, better salaries, or professional opportunities.

Humanitarian Causes of Migration

Causes include wars, persecution, and natural disasters.

Internal Migration

Movement of people within a country.

International Migration

Movement of people between different countries.

Intercontinental Migration

Migration between different continents.

Intracontinental Migration

Migration within the same continent.

Permanent Migration

Moving to a new location indefinitely.

Temporary Migration

Moving for a limited time, such as for seasonal work.

Voluntary Migration

Migration made by choice.

Forced Migration

Migration caused by outside pressures, such as conflict or disaster.

Cultural Effects of Migration

Increased diversity in destination countries.

Social Conflicts from Migration

Potential for racism, xenophobia, and job competition.

Remittances

Money sent back home by emigrants to support their families.

Aging Population Effect

Fewer young workers in the origin country due to emigration.