ALL APUSH KEY TERMS :(

Cahokia ("Mississippi Culture")

Largest North American city located in St.Louis, Eastern Woodland society which farmed corn and grains in the fertile valleys of the Mississippi River and established cities made of earthen mound "

Iroquois Confederacy

Union of several Iroquois tribes - Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida, under the beginnings of a representative government, maintained control of the Great Lakes Region

Prince Henry the Navigator

Noted for his focus on promoting exploration. His efforts made Portugal into a main force of the seas. To advance his nation in the naval exploration, he founded navigation schools. Only the brightest of the Portuguese were accepted to these schools.

Christopher Columbus

Explorer who was instrumental in Spanish colonization of the Americas. Though not the first to reach the Americas from Europe (the Vikings had reached Canada many years earlier, led by Leif Ericsson), Columbus' voyages led to general European awareness of the hemisphere and the successful establishment of European cultures in the New World

Amerigo Vespucci

An Italian explorer, Vespucci published a wildly popular account of his voyages in the New World near the North American continent in 1503.

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers who searched for treasure in Mexico and brutally conquered entire civilizations (Incas, Aztecs) in hopes to fulfill their greed for wealth

Missions

Established by the Spanish to bring Catholicism to Native Americans who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Catholic teachings.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Portugal and Spain which declared that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line at the 45 degree parallel in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal

St. Augustine

Spanish fort established in 1565 at St. Augustine, Florida; became the first permanent European settlement in the US; served as a military outpost, admin. Center for missionaries & headquarters for unsuccessful campaigns against Natives

Encomiendas System

System permitting the conquering Spaniards of the New World to collect tribute and labor from the natives, nominally in return for the settlers "civilizing" the natives

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish monk who exposed and declaimed Spanish brutality in the New World, especially the encomiendas system

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Successful uprising of Indians in Northwest America to protest Spanish hostilities and oppression and expelled the Spanish colony there for twelve years.

Mestizo

Person of mixed Native American and European ancestry, mostly used in Mexico.

Columbian Exchange

Trade of livestock, produce, ideas, and disease between the Old Worlds of Europe and Africa and the New World in the Americas.

Matrilineal Society

Society which traces parentage through the mothers' line, practiced by Native Americans in the Eastern Woodlands and usually designating women's importance to the society

"Atlantic World"

Interactions between people and empires bordering the Atlantic Ocean; brought together by economic opportunity, religion, etc.

Enclosure Movement

English movement in which the consolidation of landowners' lands forced renters and vassals off their farms to become "waste people" in English cities, limited England's ability to feed their rising population

Massachusetts School Laws

The first public education system in America, held parents and masters responsible for their children's and apprentices' ability to read and write, stressing education rather than schooling.

Restoration Colonies

Colonies established during the Restoration of the English crown and created with the founding goals of public and individual betterment, Carolinas, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania & Georgia

James Oglethorpe

Disliked founder/governor of Georgia; decides that Georgia can only be run on small farms and slaves, alcohol, and Catholics were forbidden in his colony; safe haven for English debtors

Peter Stuyvesant

Served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York

Headright System

Enabled Chesapeake tobacco farmers to obtain land and labor by importing workers from England and brought indentured servants into America; used by the VA company to attract more colonists

Stono Rebellion

Largest slave uprising in South Carolina, caused by a declaration that slaves escaping to Spanish Florida would be freed and a potential new law to require white men to carry guns on Sundays, Negro Act was passed as a result with goals to decrease harsh treatment of slaves, but actually increased it.

John Peter Zenger

Journalist who questioned the policies of the governor of New York in the 1700's and was jailed; he sued, and this court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press, found not guilty

Paxton Boys

Group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks, made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764, protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians, started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Maryland Toleration Act

Act attempting to protect the founding minority Catholics of Maryland, toleration for all Christians

Pequot War (1637)

Conflict between Pequot tribe and the Puritans with their Narragansett allies, initiated by Pequot tribe's aversion to colonization and conversion.

King Philip's War (1675-76)

Conflict between an alliance of Wampanoags led by Metacom (King Philip) and Puritan settlements with native allies, incited by white land encroachment and disrespect towards natives and causing a spiritual "hysteria" among the Puritan colonies, colonists won with help from the Mohawks.

Albany Plan of Union (1754)

Proposed by Ben Franklin, appealed to Great Britain by having a central government with a President-General appointed and supported by the crown and would provide protection against Indians but failed because only 7 colonies showed up and is an example of the lack of unity at the time.

French and Indian War (1756-63)

Part of the 7 Years' War in Europe in which the British and French fought for control of the Ohio Valley; Algonquins and Mohawks allied with the French in fear of British expansion, Iroquois Nation allied with the British and Britain eventually won.

Sugar Act (1764)

Imposed by Grenville, internal tax on sugar coming from the Caribbean to the colonies and didn't fit the mercantilist theory, really hurt merchants and sailors so they turned into smugglers.

Currency Act (1764)

Imposed by Grenville, internal tax in which colonies couldn't issue currency while outlawing the kind in circulation, debts had to be paid in specie because it could solve the hyperinflation problem

Stamp Act (1765)

Imposed by Grenville, internal and visible tax on papers (stamps, newspapers, legal documents), disproportionately hit the upper middle class

Stamp Act Congress (1765) (& Virginia Resolves)

Congress formed to protest the newly formed Stamp Act, 27 delegates from 9 colonies met in NYC, sent letters and complaints to the King, first sign of colonial unity.

Quartering Act (1765)

Colonists were required to provide food and housing for veterans from the French and Indian War, colonists saw this as an infringement of their rights, the second one was much stricter

Admiralty Courts

Imposed by Grenville to try violations of his acts; military tribunal that has guilty until proven innocent, violated the rights of Englishmen which were local courts and government, common law, English Bill of Rights, and colonial charter.

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence, led by leaders including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere) which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act, they incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept; after the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies.

Virtual Representation Theory

A group of representatives that generally meets the needs of a whole country

Direct Representation

Colonies could elect officials to represent them, coupled with the famous quote "No Taxation without Representation".

George Grenville

Economic chancellor appointed by King George III, created internal taxes to try to pay for the costly French and Indian War

Non-importation agreements

Agreements between the colonies to forbid trade with Britain, which gained support for the colonial cause from English merchants

Declaratory Act (1766)

Came with the Stamp Act Congress' ultimate success in getting the Stamp Act repealed and said Grenville's acts would be superseded by the crown by reaffirming Parliament's control of the colonies

Townshend Duties (1767)

Implemented by Charles Townshend, internal tariffs on goods from England, such as glass, tea, paint, and lead, coming to the colonies, raising prices for merchants

Boston Massacre (1770)

Incident in which increasing anti-British sentiment produced violence when a group of young boys threw snowballs and rocks at a sentry on duty at the Boston customs house, gathering a mob into which shots were fired, killing five people on whose deaths Patriot propagandists would capitalize

Crispus Attucks

First to die during the Boston Massacre, became a symbol and rallying cry for freedom

Real Whigs (John Wilkes)

Supported Locke's ideas of consent of the governed, believed governments have to be watched because they try to limit the rights of the people

Lord North

Followed Grenville and Townshend, passed acts to punish the colonists

Samuel Adams

Patriotic incendiary leader of the Sons of Liberty and skilled political organizer who founded and headed the Boston Committee of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondance

Local groups of writers who exchanged information between colonies about the British injustices, was a way of communicating messages to the entire colonies

Tea Act (1773)

Implemented by North, lowered tariffs on British East India Company tea to create a monopoly in hopes of preserving the company which carried the entire British economy, undermining smugglers and American merchants and provoking protest, led to the Boston Tea Party and other tea parties on the East Coast

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) (1774)

Implemented by North, measures intended to punish America (especially Boston) for the Boston Tea Party by closing Boston Harbor to Trade (Boston Port Act), suspending all town and local governments in Massachusetts (Mass. Government Act), referring trials to England (Justice Act), and aggressively quartering troops in American homes (2nd Quartering Act)

Quebec Act (1774)

Implemented by North, granted religious freedom in British Quebec and extension of Quebec borders, cutting off westward expansion for other colonies, bothered the New England Puritans, wasn't a bad idea but was terribly timed to be issued after the Intolerable Acts

Gaspee Incident

British ship that enforced the unfair British trade regulation was looted and burned by American patriots, tried in English Court

First Continental Congress (1774)

12/13 colonies represented; sent American Declaration of Rights and Privileges to the King, wanted tax only to regulate trade but was rejected by Parliament

Dunmore's Emancipation Proclamation (1774)

Proclamation by Virginia governor Lord Dunmore offering freedom to slaves willing to fight for the British, turning many Loyalist Virginians to the Patriot cause

"The Association"

Organization created by the First Continental Congress to ensure that colonists complied with boycotts and restrictions and watched for Tories/Loyalists

Lexington and Concord (April 1775)

The first battle of the Revolutionary War, series of engagements between British forces and American minutemen after British troops were sent out of Boston to retrieve stored ammunition in Concord and find Patriot leaders Sam Adams and John Hancock and it ended with the British fleeing back to Boston while being picked off by American fire

Hessians

Group of German mercenaries who aided the British during the Revolutionary War

Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

Convention of delegates from all 13 colonies and they issued both the Declaration of the Necessity of Taking Up Arms and the Olive Branch Petition, both written by John Dickinson, concluded with a formation of a plan to form an army and navy with George Washington as commander-in-chief as well as attempting to raise funds

Olive Branch Petition

Final attempt to forge peace and rejoin Britain by the Second Continental Congress, written by John Dickinson

Declaration of the Necessity of Taking Up Arms

Firm statement of American grievances and preparation for war, sent to Parliament by the Second Continental Congress, written by John Dickinson

Loyalists (Tories)

People who remained loyal to the crown during the Revolutionary War

Thomas Hutchinson

Governor of Boston who ordered tea to be unloaded in Boston despite the colonial protest, ended up being attacked by a mob who destroyed his house

Joseph and Mary Brant

Mohawk military/political leader and his sister who convinced three tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy to ally themselves with the British in the Revolutionary war because they feared a British defeat would end attempts to limit white expansion into Indian territory.

Bunker Hill (1775)

Also known as Battle of Breed's Hill, biggest battle of the American Revolution but it wasn't actually part of the Revolution (war had not been declared yet) and this battle triggers another Continental Congress

Saratoga (1778)

Arguably the most important battle of the Revolution: John Burgoyne thought he could capture American colonies by Christmas and couldn't make it across the American terrain; emphasized a shift in the dynamic and marks the beginning of French intervention

Franco-American Alliances (1778)

2 treaties negotiated by Ben Franklin: Treaty of Amity and Commerce (granting U.S. formal diplomatic recognition and trade) and the Treaty of Alliance (neither U.S. nor France would make peace with Britain without consulting the other)

Yorktown (1781)

Last battle of the Revolutionary war with the defeat of General Cornwallis' troops with the aid of French ships

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Treaty negotiated by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay, that ended the Revolutionary war that followed the decisive victory of the American and French forces at Yorktown; recognized the independence of the U.S. and generously fixed the western boundary at the Mississippi.

Republicanism

Belief in a limited government where the power presides in the people

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786)

Gave people in Virginia freedom of worship without state interference, written by Thomas Jefferson

Articles of Confederation

First U.S. national government established under this which last from 1781-89, kept the national government weak (since they just escaped from monarchy) and gave power to the states, Congress left with no power to collect taxes, and established 9/13 states had to agree to pass something, making it hard to get any legislation done

Land Ordinance of 1785

Orderly system of settlement which organized land by a grid system (6 mile x 6 mile "townships" and 1 mile x 1 mile "sectors), the 16th section's proceeds would be used for public education

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Policy for administering Northwest territories and included a path for statehood

Shay's Rebellion

An example of one of the weakness of the Articles of Confederation: Daniel Shays, a Revolutionary War veteran who was not receiving his pay from the war, seized the armory in Springfield and used weapons to attack courthouses and the Massachusetts government couldn't put it down so private citizens had to put it down. One of the leading respond for the Constitutional Convention

Annapolis Convention (1786)

Convention held to discuss Congress' inability to control commerce but only 5 of the 9 state appointed delegates actually showed up; Alexander Hamilton saved it from being a total failure by drafting a report to call upon Congress to summon a convention in Philadelphia the following year

"Mobocracy"

Government ruled under the mob

Philadelphia Constitutional Convention (1787)

Occurred because of the failed Annapolis Convention for the sole purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, comprised of all states except for Rhode Island, led by the conservatives (Washington, Franklin, Hamilton, Madison, Mason, Elbridge Gerry, Roger Sherman, Edmund Randolph) while radical thinkers stay away.

Madison Plan (Virginia Plan)

Called for an entirely new government based on the principle of checks and balances and for the number of representatives for each state to be based upon the population of the state which gave bigger states power, main feature was a 2 house legislator

New Jersey Plan

Called for modifications of the Articles with equal representation from each state and included a plan for unicameral legislature, appealed more to small states who didn't have large populations

Great Compromise

Also known as the Connecticut Compromise that combined the Virginia and New Jersey Plans, called for a bicameral legislature with a lower house (House of Reps) that are elected by the people and had proportional representation, and the upper house (the Senate) elected by state legislatures and had equal representation, revenue bills come from the house

3/5ths clause

Method the Constitution laid out for counting the populations among Southern states for "proportional" representation in Congress, slaves would not be citizens but counted as 3/5 of a person, South wanted slaves to count because then they'd have more representation but the North didn't

Slave trade clause

Stated that the government couldn't prohibit slavery, but would tax it, delegates at the Constitutional Convention agreed that the international slave trade could not be ended until at least 1808, in 1808 Congress ended the international slave trade but New England actually supported it because port towns made a lot of money from it

Necessary and Proper clause

Also called the Elastic Clause and allows for the creation of legislation not specified in the Constitution as long as it is necessary and proper, where implied powers come from, created so it can change as the people change

Supremacy clause

Constitutional clause that states that federal law is supreme to state law

Separation of powers

System of checks and balances and allocation of duties between and within the different branches of government, assuring that no one branch holds too much power.

Federalism

Constitutional arrangement in which power is distributed between a central government and subdivisional governments, called states in the U.S. THe national and subdivisional governments both exercise direct authority over individuals.

Charles Beard's Economic Interpretation of the Constitution

Theory that stated the Constitution was an economic document the structure was motivated primarily by the personal financial interests of the founding fathers; Henry Commager argued that if you really looked at what the Constitution said, it was a legal document

Federalists

Supported the Constitution and the stronger federal government, feared mobocracy, supported energetic government by the elite; notable people: Jay, Hamilton, Madison, Washington, Adams

Antifederalists

Opposite to the federalists, feared a strong executive and government ruled by the elite; wanted Bill of Rights to protect individual rights; notable people: Jefferson, Mason, Henry, Gerry

The Federalist Papers

Written by Madison, Jay, and Hamilton under the name Publius, published in New York and spread the nuances of federalism; intended to convince NY legislature to ratify Constitution

Judiciary Act of 1789

Legislation that gave structure to the Supreme Court with John Jay as Chief Justice, beginning the federal courts system and district courts

Assumption of debts

Part of Hamilton's financial plan that intended to pay off the entire federal debt and state debts assumed by government which made the states loyal (states with debt were happy, states without weren't), other parts of Hamilton's financial plan included the U.S. paying off all debts in full, the establishment of an excise tax on whiskey, and the creation of a national bank

"Funding at par"

Another part of Hamilton's financial plan which stated everybody would repay debt with interest owed (which is abnormal for a new country), this established credibility with foreign nations

Bank of the U.S.

The most controversial piece of Hamilton's financial plan, stated there would be a place for U.S. funds and control of the flow of currency; at the time 4/5 of the money supply was private and people didn't want public money invested with private money; private elite investors liked this bank but common people didn't.

Excise Tax

Tax placed by government on a manufacturer

Report on Manufactures

Proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to protect American industry

Federalist #10

Essay from the Federalist Papers written by Madison that discussed the dangers of political parties and proposed setting up a republic to solve the problems of a large democracy

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Uprising of backcountry farmers in opposition to the excise tax on whiskey but was crushed by the national army, example of government acting correctly, in contrast to Shay's Rebellion

Citizen Genet

French ambassador who attempted contradict Washington's Neutrality Proclamation by employing Americans at Charleston to attack British and French territories, angering Washington and British supporters but was ejected from the country when he threatened government authority