The Dreyfus Affair and Rise of Antisemitism

Alfred Dreyfus

French army officer wrongfully accused of espionage.

Colonel Esterhazy

Claimed Dreyfus was guilty, despite evidence.

Public Degradation

Ceremony where Dreyfus's sword was broken publicly.

Emil Zola

Wrote 'J'Accuse' defending Dreyfus's innocence.

J'Accuse

Open letter blaming the military and judiciary.

Herzl

Witnessed Dreyfus's degradation; became a Zionist.

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Fraudulent document claiming Jewish world domination.

Russian Secret Police

Altered 'Protocols' to incite anti-Jewish sentiment.

Maurice Jolly

Original author of text used in 'Protocols'.

Henry Ford

Translated 'Protocols' into English, spreading its influence.

1897

Year 'Protocols' published and first Zionist Congress held.

First Zionist Congress

Gathering to discuss Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Yiddish Words

Used in 'Protocols' to lend authenticity.

Antisemitism

Widespread hatred of Jews in late 19th century.

Public Sentiment

Many believed 'Protocols' due to societal prejudices.

Zionism

Movement for establishing a Jewish homeland.

Death to the Jews

Slogan heard by Herzl during Dreyfus's degradation.

Cartoons in 'Protocols'

Illustrated Jewish conspiracies to manipulate public opinion.

Fake Meetings

Fabricated events claimed in 'Protocols' to mislead.

European Chaos

Claimed by 'Protocols' as Jewish strategy for control.

Zionist Issues

Topics discussed at the First Zionist Congress.