Renal Toxicology 2 (not done)

What is the main species of concern with vitamin K3?

Horses

What is the MOA of vitamin K3?

Causes oxidative damage probable

Very rapid onset in horses

What are the C/S of vitamin K3?

Nonspecific renal signs

Tubular necrosis and dilation

Describe Cantharidin (blister beetles)?

Produced in males but spread to females via copulation

Acts as a vesicant

Adults feed on alfalfa and risk can increase after cutting/crimping hay

What species is most susceptible to cantharidin?

Horses

What is the MOA of cantharidin?

Unknown but irritates bladder and GI tract

What are the C/S of cantharidin?

Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia

Often nonspecific renal signs too

Cyanosis, muddy MM

How do you diagnose cantharidin?

urine and GI contents

Feed samples to ID beetles

How do you treat cantharidin?

Remove from source and symptomatic

What are sulfonamides?

Antibiotics used to prevent coccidiosis that can cause renal tox

What is the MOA of sulfonamide renal toxicity?

Toxicity depends on metabolism and acetylated metabolites are less soluble causing precipitation and crystallization in tubules

What are sources of sulfonamides?

Iatrogenic from an inappropriate dose or too rapid of administration

What are the C/S of sulfonamides?

Acute renal failure, crystals in tubes

Nausea/vomiting

Anaphylaxis

Collapse

Blindness

How do you diagnose sulfonamide tox?

History C/S

How do you treat sulfonamide tox?

Do not use if kidney disease is present

Symptomatic with IV fluids and sodium bicarb to increase elimination

What is the MOA of NSAID tox?

Inhibits COX enzyme to reduce production of prostaglandins and this reduces blood flow o the kidney

Most NSAIDs are reversible except for what?

Aspirin, need COX turnover for effects to stop

What are sources of cholecalciferol?

Dietary supplements

Modern rodenticides

Vitamin D containing plants

What happens during Cholecalciferol tox?

Lots of Ca buildup and mineralization

How do you diagnose Cholecalciferol?

History, C/S

Rads/US to find mineralization

Elevated Ca and P

What usually gets ethylene glycol?

Dogs and cats from antifreeze

What are sources of ethylene glycol?

Antifreeze, brake fluid, heat exchange fluids, snow globes

What is the MOA of ethylene glycol?

Oral ingestion with 50% becomes acids which combine with Ca in kidneys to form kidneys and plug them

What is alcohol DH?

First rate-limiting step in ethylene glycol tox where antidotes work

What is aldehyde dehydrogenase?

Second rate-limiting step in ethylene glycol tox