Ap psychology Unit 14 Flashcards

Situationism

The view that environmental conditions (including an assigned role) influences people’s behavior as much or more than their personal dispositions do.

Ash Effect

Group majority influences individual judgement (one dissenter leads to less conformity)

Social distance

Perceived difference between people

Out-Group homogeneity

Belief that members of another group are more similar than they really are

Ethnocentrism

Belief that our culture or social group is superior

Stereotype threat

Anxiety that influences members of a group concerned that their performance will confirm a negative stereotype.

Halo effect

One characteristic of a person or one factor in a situation affects the evaluation of the person’s other traits

Social psychology

The scientific study of how we think, influence, and relate to one another

Attribution theory

We explain behavior by creating the situation or the person’s disposition

Self-serving bias

One takes credit for their own success but denies responsibility for their failures. (own behavior, 2 parts)

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

Tendency to emphasize internal (disposition) causes and underestimate external (situational) causes when looking for others (behavior of others)

Attitude

Feeling influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in a particular way

Peripheral route to persuasion

Attend to simple, superficial cues of message (message, length, emotion)

Central route to persuasion

Think clearly and directly about message (logic)

Foot-in-the-door

Tendency for one how has first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Door-in-the-face

Tendency for one to agree to a small request after a larger request has been denied

Role

A set of norms about social position defending how those in the position ought to behave.

Cognitive dissonance theory

We act to reduce discomfort when we have conflicting conditions (thoughts and attitudes) or conditions that don’t match their voluntary actions

Norms

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

Conformity

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Normative social influence

Conformity to gain social approval or avoid social disapproval

Information social influence

Conformity due to willingness to accept others opinion about reality, assume others know what’s right

Social loafing

People exert less effort when performing a group task when performing the same alone

Social facilitation

The presence of other people working with others on a task can improve performance

Deindividuation

Group members that lose individuality tend to do thing not normally done alone. There’s a loss of self-restraint and they lose a sense of personal responsibility

Group polarization

The tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group as opposed to a decision made alone

Groupthink

Occurs when the desire for harmony in a decisions-making group overrides realistic appraisal of faults (higher value on reaching a decision) (increases when isolated, homogenous, under threats, leadership)

Culture

Behaviors, ideas, attitude, values, and traditions shared by a group of people

Prejudice

An unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group/person

Discrimination

An unjustifiable negative action/behavior toward a group/person (cognitive, affective/emotional and behavioral components)

Stereotype

Generalized belief about a group of people, hatred/anger, discrimination

Just world phenomenon

The world is just; people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

In-group

With which an individual identifies us (Student, family, sports group)

Out-group

Those outside of the group with which an individual identifies

In-group bias

Favoritism of own group

Scapegoat theory

An outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Other-race effect

The tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Frustration-aggression principle

The principle that frustration-the blocking attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression

Social script

A culturally molded guide for how to act in various situations

Mere-exposure effect

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Passionate love

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

Companionate love

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Self-disclosure

The act of revealing intimate aspects of oursel

Passion

Physical attraction

Intimacy

Sharing feelings and confidences; emotional not physical

Commitment

Putting the relationship first in your life

Complete/consummate love

Includes all of passion, intimacy, and commitment

Reward theory of attraction

A social learning view; we like best those who give us maximum rewards at minimum cost (a combo of proximity, similarity, self disclosure, and physical attractiveness)

Altruism

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Diffusion of responsibility

Weakening of each group member’s obligation to act when responsibility is perceived to be shared with all group members

Bystander effect

As numbers of bystanders increases, the likelihood of any bystander helping decreases

Social exchange theory

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Reciprocity norms

An expectation that people will help, not, those who have helped them

Social-responsibility

An expectation that people will hear those needing their help

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Social trap

When conflicting parties by each pursuing self-interest rather than the good of the group, became caught in mutually destructive behavior

Mirror-image perceptions

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief that leads to its own fulfilment

Superordinate goals

Give people one goal that only they can achieve together