Notes on Matter

Page 2

• Definition of Matter

  • All matter has common properties:

    • Takes up space (has volume)

    • Has mass

      • Mass is the measure of the amount of matter present.

  • Conclusion: Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

  • Chemistry: The study of matter and its changes.

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• Basic Building Blocks of Matter

  • Compounds: Substances made of chemically bonded atoms of two or more elements (e.g., H2O).

  • Elements: Pure substances made of only one kind of atom (e.g., Mercury).

  • Atoms: The smallest unit of an element that maintains its properties.

    • Atoms can be divided into protons, neutrons, and electrons, but these do not maintain the properties of the

    • element.

Page 4

• States of Matter

  • Four major states:

    • Solid: Definite volume and shape.

    • Liquid: Definite volume but variable shape.

    • Gas: Neither definite volume nor shape.

    • Plasma: High-temperature state where atoms lose electrons.

Page 5

• Classification of Matter

  • All matter can be classified as:

    • Mixtures

    • Pure Substances

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• Mixtures

  • A blend of two or more kinds of matter, each retaining its identity and properties.

  • Homogeneous Mixtures: Constituents are evenly distributed (also called solutions).

  • Heterogeneous Mixtures: Constituents are not evenly distributed.

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• Pure Substances

  • Homogeneous as a single entity with a fixed identity.

  • Differs from mixtures in two ways:

    • Every sample has the same characteristic properties.

    • Every sample has the same composition.

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• Types of Pure Substances

  • Pure substances are either:

    • Compounds: Can be decomposed into simpler compounds or elements by ordinary chemical means (e.g., Water + electrolysis => H2 + O2).

    • Elements: Cannot be decomposed into simpler compounds or elements by ordinary chemical means.

Page 9

• Matter and Change

  • Matter can undergo:

    • Physical Changes: Boiling, melting, grinding, cutting, etc.

    • Chemical Changes: Involves reactions producing new substances.

      • Reactants: Substances reacting in a chemical change.

      • Products: Substances produced from a chemical change.

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• Properties of Matter

  • Properties are either:

    • Extensive Properties: Depend on the amount of matter (e.g., mass, volume).

    • Intensive Properties: Do not depend on the amount of matter (e.g., melting and boiling points).

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• Physical and Chemical Properties

  • Physical Properties: Can be observed without changing the identity of the substance (e.g., boiling point, temperature, color).

  • Chemical Properties: Relate to a substance’s ability to change into a different substance (e.g., charcoal + O2 +