Chem study By Mexican Guy
Notes on Matter
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Definition of Matter
All matter has common properties:
Takes up space (has volume)
Has mass
Mass is the measure of the amount of matter present.
Conclusion: Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.
Chemistry: The study of matter and its changes.
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Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Compounds: Substances made of chemically bonded atoms of two or more elements (e.g., H2O).
Elements: Pure substances made of only one kind of atom (e.g., Mercury).
Atoms: The smallest unit of an element that maintains its properties.
Atoms can be divided into protons, neutrons, and electrons, but these do not maintain the properties of the
element.
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States of Matter
Four major states:
Solid: Definite volume and shape.
Liquid: Definite volume but variable shape.
Gas: Neither definite volume nor shape.
Plasma: High-temperature state where atoms lose electrons.
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Classification of Matter
All matter can be classified as:
Mixtures
Pure Substances
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Mixtures
A blend of two or more kinds of matter, each retaining its identity and properties.
Homogeneous Mixtures: Constituents are evenly distributed (also called solutions).
Heterogeneous Mixtures: Constituents are not evenly distributed.
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Pure Substances
Homogeneous as a single entity with a fixed identity.
Differs from mixtures in two ways:
Every sample has the same characteristic properties.
Every sample has the same composition.
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Types of Pure Substances
Pure substances are either:
Compounds: Can be decomposed into simpler compounds or elements by ordinary chemical means (e.g., Water + electrolysis => H2 + O2).
Elements: Cannot be decomposed into simpler compounds or elements by ordinary chemical means.
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Matter and Change
Matter can undergo:
Physical Changes: Boiling, melting, grinding, cutting, etc.
Chemical Changes: Involves reactions producing new substances.
Reactants: Substances reacting in a chemical change.
Products: Substances produced from a chemical change.
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Properties of Matter
Properties are either:
Extensive Properties: Depend on the amount of matter (e.g., mass, volume).
Intensive Properties: Do not depend on the amount of matter (e.g., melting and boiling points).
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Physical and Chemical Properties
Physical Properties: Can be observed without changing the identity of the substance (e.g., boiling point, temperature, color).
Chemical Properties: Relate to a substance’s ability to change into a different substance (e.g., charcoal + O2 +