bio 201 grosso

survival needs

nutrients, atmospheric pressure, normal body temperature, water, and oxygen

anatomical position

body facing forward, arms at sides, body erect, and thumb lateral to palm

affects the rate of chemical reactions

enzymes, temperature the concentration of reactant..., and particle size

The plasma membrane is made up of

glycolipids, phospholipids, and glycoproteins

The study of STRUCTURE is called:

Anatomy

The study of body FUNCTION is called:

Physiology

Gross (or macroscopic) anatomy is the study of:

Large parts visible to the naked eye

The study of cells is called:

cytology

The study of tissues is called:

Histology

Identify the body system that forms the body covering, protects deeper tissues, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses pressure and pain receptors:

Integumentary

Identify the body system that protects and supports the body, provides framework for muscles to cause movement, forms blood cells, and stores minerals:

Skeletal

identify the body system that causes movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.

Muscular

Identify the body system that allows for fast acting response of internal and external changes via electrical impulses.

Nervous

Identify the body system that regulates body functions by secreting hormones.

Endocrine

Identify the body system that transports molecules such as oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

Cardiovascular

Identify the body system that is involved in immunity by fighting foreign substances in the body.

Lymphatic

Identify the body system that breaks down food to absorb the nutrients and then eliminates the waste products left over.

Digestive

Identify the body system that regulates water and electrolytes, and also eliminates certain nitrogenous wastes.

Urinary

This inorganic chemical is the most abundant chemical in the body and constitutes 60-80% volume of living cells:

Water

definition for homeostasis

An organism's ability to maintain a relatively stable environment (within a certain range or boundaries)

Most feedback mechanisms in the body are:

Negative

Maintenance of body temperature is an example of which type of feedback:

Negative

Maintenance of blood glucose is an example of which type of feedback:

Negative

Platelet plug formation is an example of which type of feedback:

Positive

Childbirth is an example of which type of feedback:

positive

A response that reduces or shuts off original stimulus (moves in the opposite direction of original stimulus) is \_____ feedback:

Negative

A response that enhances or exaggerates (increases) the original stimulus is \_____ feedback:

Positive

Anterior refers to:

Toward the front of the body

Posterior refers to:

Toward the back of the body

Superior refers to:

Toward the head; above

Inferior refers to:

Away from the head; below

Medial refers to:

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral refers to:

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal refers to:

Closer to the trunk of the body

Distal refers to:

Farther from the trunk of the body

The hip is \_____ to the groin.

Lateral

The wrist is \_____ to the elbow.

Distal

The knee is \_____ to the foot.

Proximal

The sternum/breastbone is \____ to the lungs.

Medial

The heart is \____ to the vertebral column.

Anterior

The scapular region is \_____ to the mammary region.

Posterior

Which of these cavities houses (contains) the brain?

Cranial

Which of these cavities houses (contains) the heart?

Pericardial - is in the Thoracic cavity

Which of these cavities houses (contains) the lungs?

Pleural - in the thoracic cavity

Which of these cavities houses (contains) the reproductive organs?

Abdominopelvic

Which of these cavities contains the heart and lungs?

Thoracic

Which of these cavities houses (contains) the eyes?

Orbital

Which of these cavities is closed to the environment and is formed by a type of joint?

Synovial

Which of these body planes divides the body into left and right sections?

Sagittal

Which of these body planes divides the body into superior and inferior sections?

Transverse

Which of these body planes divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

Frontal/Coronal

Which form of energy is stored in chemical bonds and is released when bonds are broken?

Chemical

Which form of energy results from movement of charged (positive and negative) particles:

electrical

Which form of energy is involved in moving matter?

mechanical

Which form of energy is part of the electromagnetic spectrum and travels in waves (such as x-rays and visible light)?

radiant

The top 4 most abundant elements of the body are

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

Protons are \____ charged and found in the \____ of an atom.

positive, nucleus

Electrons are \____ charged and found in the \____ of an atom.

negative, orbit

Neutrons are \____ charged and found in the \____ of an atom.

neutral, nucleus

Saline (salt water) is an example of which of the following:

solution

Blood is an example of which of the following:

suspension

Cytosol is an example of which of the following:

colloid

Atmospheric air is an example of which of the following:

solution

This is formed when an atom gains one or more electrons, causing it to become negatively charged:

anion

This is formed when an atom loses one or more electrons, causing it to become positively charged:

cation

When two or more atoms are bonded together:

Molecule

Type of bond formed when one atom loses electron(s) and another atom gains electron(s):

ionic

Type of bond formed when two atoms share electrons equally

non-polar covalent

Type of bond formed when two atoms share electrons UNequally:

polar covalent

Type of bond that isn't a true chemical bond (doesn't form molecules), but is important in holding large molecules in a three-dimensional shape:

hydrogen

This type of reaction results in the formation of macromolecules from smaller subunits:

Anabolic

This type of reaction breaks larger molecules down into smaller parts by breaking bonds.

Catabolic

Which of these important properties of water helps the body maintain a normal body temperature through sweating?

High heat of vaporization

Which of these important properties of water helps the body transport dissolved substances?

Polar solvent properties

Which of these important properties of water helps protect the body from physical trauma?

cushioning

The following belong to which organic category: glucose, starch, glycogen

carbohydrate

\_____ is a polysaccharide (carbohydrate) stored in the liver and muscles of animals:

glycogen

\____ is a polysaccharide (carbohydrate) used as food storage in plants:

Starch

\____ is a simple carbohydrate used as a major source of cellular food.

Glucose

The following belong to which organic category: Triglycerides, Steroids, Cholesterol

Lipids

Which of these lipids is found to make up the majority of a cell (plasma) membrane?

phospholipid

The following belong to which organic category: keratin, hormones, enzymes

proteins

Subunits or monomers of proteins are:

amino acids

The following belong to which organic category: DNA, RNA, ATP

nucleic acids

Double-stranded, contains sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base, provides instructions for protein synthesis:

dna

Single-stranded, contains sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base, responsible for carrying the "code" out of the nucleus:

rna

This nucleotide directly powers chemical reactions in cells:

atp

Passive transport in which substances move down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane:

Diffusion

Passive transport in which only water moves across a selectively permeable membrane:

osmosis

A red blood cell will stay the same when placed in a(n) \_____ solution.

Isotonic

A red blood cell will shrink when placed in a(n) \_____ solution.

Hypertonic

A red blood cell will swell when placed in a(n) \_____ solution.

Hypotonic

Type of transport that moves solutes against their concentration gradient:

Active Transport

Type of active transport that moves substances into a cell and is used by macrophages and some white blood cells.
Also called "cell eating":

phagocytosis

Type of active transport that moves liquid substances into a cell.
Also called "cell drinking":

pinocytosis

Type of active transport moving quantities of substances out of a cell.

exocytosis

component of cytoplasm:

water, organelles, and solutes

cellular extensions moves substances across a cell surface?

Cilia

Which of these cellular extensions moves whole cells?

Flagella

Which of these cellular extensions increases surface area of a cell for absorption?

Microvilli