CH 2: Acids and Bases

Arrhenius acids

releases H⁺ ions

Arrhenius bases

releases OH^- ions

Bronsted-Lowry acids

donate a H⁺ or proton donor

Bronsted-Lowry base

accept a H⁺ or proton acceptor

Conjugate acid results when…

a base accepts proton

Conjugate base results when…

an acid gives up a proton

To determine the strength of acid, you either use the ___ and the __ values of the acids, or compare the _______ of its _________ ____.

pK_a, K_a; structure, conjugate base

The 7 strongest acids are…

HCl, HBr, HI, H₂SO₄, HNO₃, HClO₄, and HClO₃

The what the pK_a the ________ the acid.

smaller, stronger

The what the K_a, the ________ the acid.

higher, stronger

A hydrogen atom is acidic is when any _______________ atom is attached to the H atom.

electronegative

To compare the acidity w/o knowing their pK_a values, we use the acronym ____.

ARIO (Atom, Resonance, Induction, and Orbital)

sp orbital are ______ to the _______, so they are usually the ________ acid. Therefore, sp³ are usually the ______ acid.

closer, nucleus, stronger; weaker

The more substituted carbons, the ________ the acid.

stronger

Lewis acid

accepts an e^- pair, so it has an empty parking spot

Lewis base

donates an e^- pair, meaning they are nucleophilic

Less / more bulky acids are more acidic.

less

In the same period, atoms will be ranked on their stability and acidity based of their EN / atomic radius.

EN

The what the EN, the what the conj. base and the what the acid.

higher, more stable, stronger

In the same column, atoms will be ranked on their stability and acidity based of their EN / atomic radius.

atomic radius

The what the atomic radius, the what the conj. base and the what the acid.

bigger, more stable, stronger

The what the resonance structure, the what the conj. base and the what the acid.

more, more stable, stronger

The what the EWGs or EN atoms, the what the conj. base and the what the acid.

more, more stable, stronger

Using pK_a values to determine the equilibrium direction of acid-base reactions, what general rule should always be followed?

stronger acid reacting with a stronger base produces a weaker acid and a weaker base