Bio Unit 4-5

Look at cell pogil, surace area:volume pogil, and diffusion pogil Look at organelle function quizlet Look at cell drawing

what is the cell theory

1- all life is composed of cells

2- all cells come from other cells

what is a theory

something in science that has been constantly tested and proved correct

cell size range

100µm to 1µm (µm being micrometer)

which are smaller prokaryotes or eukaryotes

prokaryotes

cells are surrounded by

plasma (cell) membrane

what is the plasma (cell) membrane made of

phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins

what does the cell membrane let in

small uncharged molecules (ex: water)

what can proteins let in

they are like doors and can let in larger charged molecules (ex: C6H12O6)

HOWEVER each doorway can only let in certain things

every cell has

ribosomes, DNA, cell/plasma membrane, cytosol

eukaryotic cells have

nucleus and membrane bond organelles

why are membrane bond organelles so important

allows for compartmentalization of cell activities which separates organelles from the rest of the cell (lysosomes destroys stuff but doesn’t destroy everything because of membrane)

4 groups of organelles

1 - controls genes and proteins

2 - control production, modification, and breakdown of cellular products

3 - energy

4 - structure, movement, signalling

controls genes and proteins

nucleus, ribosomes

control production, modification, and breakdown of cellular products

endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus (body), lysosome, peroxsisome, vacuole

energy

mitochondria, chloroplast

structure, movement, signalling

cell membrane, cell wall, cytoskeleton

differences between animal and plant cells

animal - centrioles, cilia, vesicle, flagella, lysosome, gap junctions

plant - cell wall, chloroplast, plasmodesmata

what is the endosymbiotic theory

an ancestral eukaryotic dell engulfed an aerobic bacterium but did not digest the potential food item

eukaryotic cells engulfed mitochondria and chloroplast (they used to be prokaryotes)

why would a cell want a smaller volume to surface ratio (2:1 vs. 1:8)

smaller cells make it easier for the things in the cell to move to where they need to be but if they are bigger it makes it harder to maintain homeostasis

what are the 2 ways a cell can move huge molecules both ways across membranes

exocytosis and enodcytosis

what is exocytosis

used to export bulky molecules (ex: proteins or polysaccharides) requires energy and can with with or against the concentration gradient

what is endocytosis

used to take in large molecules requires energy and can go with or against the concentration gradient

in both exo and endo -cytosis the materials being transported…

are packaged ina vesicle with fuses with the membrane

what are the 2 types of endocytosis

phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis

what is phagocytosis

the englufment of a particle by the cell wrapping the cell membrane around it, forming a vacuole

the pseudopodium strecth to let it in

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis

it uses membrane receptors for specific solutes

basically it needs something to say let me in

the molecule needs to bind to the receptor

in both phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis the material being transported…

is packaged in a vesicle which fuses with the membrane

what is energy

capacity to cause change

what is kinetic energy

energy of motion

what is potential energy

energy stored in a location or structure of matter (including chemical energy)

what is chemical energy

potential energy stored in the bonds between atoms

what is the law of thermodynamics

energy can change form but cannot be created or destroyed

energy transfers or transformations increase disorder, or entropy, with some energy being lost as heat

what are exergonic reactions

ones that release energy

what are endergonic reactions

ones that require energy and yield products rich in potential energy

what is metabolism

the sum of reactions in your body

what is ATP

it powers nearly all forms of cellular work

just ignore the ribose for now

has 3 phospate groups (triphosphate) with enrgy between the bonds and a adenosine

The transfer of a phosphate group from A T P is involved in

chemical, transport, and mechanical work

when the body needs the energy how does it get it

it adds water to get the energy between the bonds making it a diphosphate (ADP)

what are enzymes

catalysts (speed up chemical reactions) they decrease the reaction energy needed for a reaction to begin without being consumed by the reaction

what is the relationship between substrates and active sites

an enzymes substrate fits specifically in a region of the enzyme called the active site (every reaction has a different shape and reaction)

what is a competitive inhibitor

reduces enzymes productivity by blocking the substrate molecule from entering the active site

what is a noncompetitive inhibitor

it doesn’t enter the active site, instead it binds to a site elsewhere on the enzyme and its binding changes the shape so the active site no longer fits the substrate

what is feedback inhibition

it helps regulate metabolism

so the product of a reaction is a noncompetitive inhibitor for the same reaction

because it already happened so it doesn’t need to happen again

most beneficial drugs…

act as enzyme inhibitors (ex: pesticides and deadly poisons used for warfare)

is it better to have many small cells or few larger ones

many smaller cells because it offers more surface area and in smaller cells it is easier for things to get around within the cell

what r the 2 main things that make up the cell membrane

phospholipids and membrane spanning proteins and some small surface proteins

what is the structure called when a carbohydrate chain is attached to a protein

glycoprotein

what is the structure called when a carbohydrate is attached to a phospholipid

glycolipid

what type of transport requires energy (ATP)

active transport

in which types of transportation do molecules move along (down) the concentration gradient

passive transport - diffusion and facilitated diffusion

in which types of transport do molecules move against (up) the concentration gradient

active transport

which type of transport involves channel (membrane-spanning) proteins

active transport and facilitated diffusion

in which type of transport do molecules pass between the phospholipids

diffusion

which type of transportation moves large, charged molecules or ions

active transport and facilitated diffusion

which type of transport moves small nonpolar and polar molecules

diffusion

when there is a difference in concentration of a particular particle on either side of a membrane a _______ exists

concentration gradient

when do the particles stop moving back and forth across the cell membrane

when they reach equilibrium

at that point there is no _________ but the particles continue to move randomly across the membrane called _____

net movement

dynamic equilibrium

what is the gap for facilitated diffusion between the proteins called

gated channels

what type of molecules attached to the membrane spanning protein allowing it to open

hormones

explain (in detail) active transport

it happens between the membrane spanning proteins and there is an ATP binding site because it requires energy and the ion binding site which is the thing passing though, it goes from the low to high concentration after the process is done the ATP becomes ADP as it lost a phosphate

if the net movement of water is out will the solution inside the cell become more or less concentrated

more as it is loses water making it have more solute than solvent

what is the diffusion of water through a membrane

osmosis

what is going on a hypertonic cell

the water is leaving it making it shrivel

what is going on in a isotonic cell

the amount of water going in and out is equal

what is going on a hypotonic cell

more water is going into it making it get larger and sometimes burst (only animal cells)

what is the name for a hypertonic animal and plant cell

crenated

plasmolysed

what is the name for a hypotonic animal and plant cell

lysed

turgid

what allows the plant cell to not shrivel or get as large as the animal cell

its cell wall

WHY in a hypertonic cell is the water leaving

the water is leaving because water moves from a place of high concentration to low concentration

inside the cell has plenty of water to balance out the solute but the outside has lots of solute and not as much water so it leaves to try to even it out

this means the outside of the cell has a higher concentration (more solute and less water)

WHY in a hypotonic cell is more water coming in

the water is coming in because water moves from a place of high concentration to low concentration

outside the cell has plenty of water to balance out the solute but the inside has lots of solute and not as much water so it comes into the cell to try to even it out

this means the outside of the cell has a lower concentration (less solute and more water)

what does cholesterol do for the cell membrane

cholesterol makes up a small part of the cell membrane and helps it to maintain its fluidity

the cell membrane is mostly made up of lipids and if it was only lipids when it got cold the cell membrane would freeze but it doesn’t because of the cholesterol

imagine you put a cell that is 40% water into a solution that is 80% water what will happen (if it is an animal and if its a plant)

animal - it'll hypotonic and will be lysed

plant - it’ll be hypotonic and turgid

what is the difference between an exergonic reaction and exocytosis

exergonic reaction - one that releases energy

exocytosis - used to export bulky molecules out of a cell

what is the active site

the place where the substrate bonds

when a cell gets bigger what increase faster (volume or surface area)

volume

what does the nucuelous do

make ribosomes

ATP is broken down by what

hydrolysis

what is rough ER and what does it do

Ribosomes are on the surface and involved in protein synthesis

what is smooth ER and what does it do

Contain enzymes for synthesis lipids and detoxication of drugs

what are peroxisomes and what do they do

detoxify and lipid metabolism and the processing of reactive oxygen species, convert hydrogen peroxide to water in both animal and plant cells