VCE Physical Education Unit 3 Exam Revision (copy)

For Victorian Certificate of Education Physical Education Unit 3 revision

Gross Motor Skills

Movements involving the use of large muscle groups.

Fine Motor Skills

Precise movements that engage the use of small muscle groups.

Open Motor Skills

Motor Skills which are performed in an environment that is constantly changing and externally paced.

Closed Motor Skills

Movements that are predictable, self-paced environments. Marked on a continuum.

Continuous Motor Skills

Movements with no distinct beginning or ending

Serial Motor Skills

Series or group of discrete skills strung together to create a more complicated skilled action.

Discrete Motor Skills

Movements of brief duration that are easily defined by a distinct beginning and end.

Fundamental Motor Skills

Movement patterns that involve different body parts. They are the foundational movements to more sports-specific skills.

Sports Specific Skills

Utilising a range of fundamental movement skills in a sequence.

Cognitive Stage of Learning

This is the initial phase of learning of a motor skill where the emphasis is on conscious understanding of tasks.

Referred to as the beginner stage

Frequent and large errors/can’t detect own problems

Associative Stage of Learning

The 2nd stage of learning where movement patterns become more refined and consistent through practice.

Referred to as the practice stage

More Gradual Improvements

Autonomous Stage of Learning

The final stage of learning where the performer is able to perform the skills automatically.

Referred to as the expert stage

Can manipulate movements/performance is coordinated

Massed Practice

Having longer but less training sessions

Distributed Practice

Having shorter but more training sessions

Blocked Practice

Significant periods of time focused on particular skills

Random Practice

Only working on a particular skill for a short time period and than resting or moving on.

Intrinsic Feedback

Intrinsic Feedback is internal which includes;

Visual

Auditory

Touch

Augmented/Extrinsic Feedback

Augmented/extrinsic feedback which includes; Knowledge of results (success/failure)

Knowledge of performance (reasons for success/failure)

Knowledge of Performance

Refers to the characteristics of the performance- the reasons for success or failure.

Knowledge of Results

Refers to the specific outcomes of the performance whether it was a success or failure.

Social Factors on skills & Stages of Learning

Family Structure

Roles and Status

Time

Available Resources

Access to coaches

Discrimination

Personality

Self-belief

Active Role Models

Cultural Factors

Education

Politics

Religion

Social

Organisations

Technology

Values

Attitudes

Race

Climate

Housing

Geographic Location

Qualitative Movement Analysis

Preparation

Observation

Evaluation

Error-Correction

Preparation

The coach needs to determine, what/why/how it is being analysed.

Observation

The process of looking at the performance, but can be subjective.

Evaluation

Finding what the problem is and what’s causing the problem

Error Correction

Analysis identifies weaknesses and develops strategies. Implemented within training or in game.

Direct Based Coaching

Task Selection

Structure of how tasks are performed

Duration of time spent

Constraints Based Approach

A coaching mean that uses boundaries or playing restrictions on the learner

Individual Constraints

Technical Skills

Body Size

Body Strength

Fitness Levels

Age/Gender

Mental Skills

Decision Making Skills

Environmental Constraints

Physical Environment

Weather

Light

Access to Facilities

Noise Levels

Gravity

Socio-Cultural

Friends (peers)

Role Models

Parents

Price

Task Constraints

Players on the team

Dimensions of playing space

Rules of the sport

Equipment

Court Dimensions

Biomechanics

the science that studies living things from a mechanical perspective. Using principles of physics, biomechanics helps to develop and refine human movement.

Forces

Defined as a push or pull. It can either;\

Change the shape of the object

Move the object Formula = Mass x Acceleration

Inertia

The tendency for a body to resist a change in its state of motion whether it is at rest or moving.

Impulse

The change in momentum in an object (receiving force, absorbing force) Formula = Force x Time

Newtons First Law of Motion

The law of Inertia states that a body will remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force.

Newtons Second Law of Motion

The law of Force/Acceleration states that a force applied to an object will produce a change in Acceleration in the direction applied, which is directly proportional to the size.

Newtons Third Law of Motion

The law of action/reaction states that every action will have an equal or opposite reaction.

Newtons First Law of Angular Momentum

The law of inertia states that momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque.

Newtons second law of angular momentum

A torque applied will produce a change in angular motion in the direction that is applied.

Newtons third law of Angular Momentum

For every torque there is equal and opposite torque

Momentum

is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its velocity. Measured in kg m/s.

Momentum Formula

Mass x velocity

Summation of Momentum

the sequential and coordinated movement of each body segment to produce maximum velocity

Speed

How quickly an object covers distanceSpeed= Distance/time

Velocity

How quickly an object is changing position, relative to its starting position.Velocity = Displacement/Time

Acceleration

How quickly an object changes its rate of motion is called acceleration and is using the following equation;

Acceleration = change in velocity/time

Angular Displacement

A measurement of how the object moves and is measured in degrees

Angular Distance

A measurement of degrees an object passes through from start to finish

Angular Speed

Is measured of how quickly angular distance is covered

Angular Velocity

Is the measure of how quickly the object has moved from its starting point and in what direction it has moved.

Angular Acceleration

Is the measure of the rate of change in angular position. It can be positive and negative

Projectile Motion

An object or body that is launched into the air and attached only by the forces of gravity and air resistance can be considered as a projectile.

Impacts on Projectile Motion

Angle of Release

Speed of Release

Height of Release

Equilibrium

An object is said to be in equilibrium when there are no unbalanced forces or torques acting on it.

Static Equilibrium = must be completely motionless

Dynamic Equilibrium = Velocity must be constant

Factors Affecting Stability

Line of gravity

Base of Support

Centre of Gravity

Body Mass

Friction

2 forces which affect the projectile in motion

Gravity (vertical)

Air Resistance (Horizontal)

Levers

A lever is a simple machine consisting of a rigid bar that can be made to rotate about an axis in order to expert a force on another object.

First Class Lever

Have the axis located in between the effort force and resistance force.

Second Class Lever

Have the resistance force located between the effort force and the axis

Third Class Lever

Have the effort force located between the resistance force and the axis.

Mechanical Advantage

Can be calculated by force arm/resistance arm1 = lever built to increase force1 = lever is balanced between speed and purpose<1 = lever is built to increase speed (most human body levers)

Conservation of Angular Momentum

Moment of Inertia (mass x radius^2) x angular velocity.A decrease in inertia will be met with an increase in Angular Velocity.Angular Velocity is increased if radius is low

ATP Breakdown

ATP is the energy source for all muscular movements. The ATP is split when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. When it is split it releases energy.

Creatine Phosphate (Chemical)

Chemical fuel contatining a high-energy phosphate for rapid release of energy.Limited CP Storage

Carbohydrates

Sugar and starches e.g. bread, pasta, fruit, vegetables.The bodys preferred source of fuel under exercise conditions.

Fats

Are a concentrated fuel source in dairy products, oils, nuts etc. Preferred fuel source at rest and during prolonged submaximal exercise.

Protein

Protein if found in meat, fish, eggs etc. Used for muscle growth and repair.

Minimal Contribution to energy production during exercise.

At rest exercise Fuel

Fats

Carbohydrates (Aerobic)

Carbohydrates (Anaerobic)

Submaximal Activity Fuel

Carbohydrates (Aerobic)

Fats

Carbohydrates (Anaerobic)

Protein

Maximal Activity Fuel

Carbohydrates

ATP-PC System

Fuel=Creatine Phosphate

Intensity=Maximal <95%

Rate=Explosive

Yield=0.7 ATP PM

Duration=0-10 seconds

Anaerobic Glycolysis System

Fuel=Glycogen

Intensity=High Intensity 95%-85%

Rate=Fast

Yield=2-3 ATP PM

Duration=10-75 seconds

Aerobic Glycolysis System

Fuel=Glycogen/Triglycerides

Intensity=Submaximal 85%-70% or >70%

Rate=Slow

Yield=38 ATP PM or 441 ATP PM (triglycerides)

Duration=75 seconds +

Factors Affecting Contribution

The duration of the exercise

The intensity of the exercise

Whether sufficient oxygen is present

Continuous exercise or intermittent exercise

Available fuel sources

Writing a response

All energy systems contribute to energy production

ATP-PC starts continues to 6-10 seconds

Anaerobic Glycolysis becomes more dominant

Aerobic Glycolysis System increases but never becomes dominant.

Predominant Energy system would be ATP-PC for a 200m event.

Intermittent Activity

Exercise beats that alternate between periods of activity and intensity.

Contributions from the energy systems depends on

Duration

Intensity

Fuel Availability

Weather Conditions

Lactate Inflection Point (LIP)

LIP is the highest exercise intensity where lactate removal and lactate production are balanced.

Beyond LIP

Beyond LIP, lactate production exceeds

Accumulation of Hydrogen Ions causes fatigue

Intensity of LIP

Generally at 85% Max Heart Rate55-70% VO2 Max

Oxygen Uptake or Vo2

The volume of oxygen able to be taken up by and transported to and used by the body for energy.

Vo2 Max Vs. Vo2

Vo2 Max=The maximum volume of oxygen able to be used by the body. Vo2=Is the rate of oxygen

Factors Affecting Oxygen Uptake

Body Size

Age

Gender

Training

Genetics

Oxygen Deficit

Is the period of time at the start of the exercise where the oxygen demand exceeds.

Steady State

Is the state in which oxygen equals oxygen demand

Oxygen Debt (EPOC)

At the completion of exercise, oxygen consumption remains elevated, despite a reduction in the demand for energy.

Fast Phase of EPOC

ATP Resynthesise

CP Resynthesise

Restore oxygen to Myoglobin

Slow Phase of EPOC

Return core temperature

Convert Lactic Acid to h2o

Lactic Acid converted to Glycogen/protein

Restore heart rate

Restore other body systems

Acute Respiratory Responses

Increase Respiratory Rate = number of breaths per minute

Increase Ventilation = Volume of air breathed in per minute (RR x TV = V)

Increased Tidal Volume = volume of air breathed in per breath

Increased Pulmonary Diffusion = The transfer of oxygen to the alveoli to the capillaries

Acute Cardiovascular Responses

Increased Heart Rate = Number of beats of the heart per minute

Increased Stroke Volume = Volume of blood pumped per beat of the heart

Increased Cardiac Volume = Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (HR x SV = Q)

Increased Systolic Blood Pressure = The pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls when the heart contracts.

Redistribution of blood flow = Altering the percentage of cardiac output that is distributed to various body sites.

Increased Venous Return = The blood returning to the heart via the venous system

Increased AVO2 Difference = The difference in the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood and venous blood.

Decreased Blood Volume = total quantity of blood in the body (plasma + cellular)

Acute Muscular Responses

Increased motor unit recruitment = The number and frequency of motor units recruited for the muscular contractions

Increased muscle temperature = The degree of intensity of heat present in the muscles.

Increased oxygen uptake and consumption = Volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body.

Increased Metabolic By Products = Substance leftover from the metabolic processes.

Decreased Energy Substrate Scores = Fuel sources required for ATP resynthesis.

Relative VO2 Max

Is a better measurement to compare athletes to one another.

Absolute VO2 Max

The amount of oxygen breathed in per minute.

Increased Ventilation Formula

Increased Respiratory Rate x Tidal Volume

Increased Cardiac Output Formula

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

Before exercise (increased heart rate)

Anticipatory Response

Warming the body up

ATP Breakdown

ATP is the energy source for all muscular movements. The ATP is split when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. When it is split it releases energy.

Creatine Phosphate (Chemical)

Chemical fuel contatining a high-energy phosphate for rapid release of energy.Limited CP Storage