PSYC 2301 EXAM 1

Define Psychology

study of mind; study of behavior and mental processing

Describe the scientific method

is a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments.

Why is Psychology defined as a hub science?

bc numerous scientific fields come together in psyc, connect other disciplin

What are the major roots of Psychology?

2: phil and physical science

What is the relationship between behavior and biology?

reciprocal relationship

How did most early philosophers believe knowledge was gained?

sensive/ introspection

When did Psychology distinguish itself from the discipline of Philosophy?

adopt the scientific method

Who conducted the first experiment in psychology?

wilhelm wundt

Define structuralism

Structuralism is the study of the parts and elements that make up the mind while functionalism is the processes of the mind

Identify the founders of Gestalt psychology

kurt koffka, max wertheimer, wolfgang kohler

Who was William James?

wrote principal of PSYC / functionalism/ 1st school in US

Define behaviorism

on observable, measurable behavior Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviors. -

Who was Sigmund Freud?

wrote unconscious conflict , sex, important of early childhood experiene

Who was Abraham Maslow?

found 3rd force in PSYC & theory of motivation

Who was Carl Rogers?

found humanistic movement / importance of personal growth, freewill, selfdome

Define the perspectives approach

different way to look

Why do psychologists rely on different perspective in psychology?

bc help better understand complex phenomena, single perspective give only us part of answer. combine give big picture

Define evolutionary psychology

asks how our evolutionary past continues to shape our behavior = maintain - allow adapt

Define cognitive psychology

investigates mental processes including thinking, problem solving, and information processing = mind how code message

Define social psychology

recognizes that behavior varies around averages and that individual differences often interact with environment = influenced by people

Define developmental psychology

investigates the normal changes in behavior that occur across the lifespan = how we grow

Define clinical psychology

explains, defines, and treats psychological disorders and promotes general well being

What do the authors of your text believe regarding the future of psychology?

will be 1 of combine & integrating new and existing perspective

Where will the highest percentage of doctoral level psychologist work?

37%

What is the current trend in many psychology graduate school programs?

not prescribe medication / students are being trained in combined specialties

According to your text how is "science" described today?

science = knowledge + special way learning about reality through systematic observation and experimental

Define critical thinking

ability to think clearly, rationally and independently. follow logical argument identify mistake logic -> attitude belief , value

Describe peer review

it's scrutinized by other scientists who are expert on your area

Describe replication

repeat an experiment and producing the same result

Describe case study

Non experimental = descriptive studies depth analysis - very rare and unusual, @ medical field, (HM) Disadv : can not specific to generalize information

Describe naturalistic observation

Non experimental = descriptive studies / behavior of people and animals in their natural setting ( watch + observe ) / expensive + time

What is an advantage of survey research?

lie , bias

Define sample

a subset of a population being study / self report

What do surveys rely on?

volunteer / self report

Define correlation

measure of direction and strength of relationship bw 2 variable / predict 1 variable relate others / not infer cause - effect

Describe a weak correlation

between -1 , 1

Describe correlation study

a measure of direction & strength of relationship between 2 variable

Describe experimental study

establish cause-effect = manipulation of independent variable to produce changes in dependent variable. Potential problems:Selection Bias-controlled by random assignment of subjects in different groups / Placebo Effect (effect due to mental expectation)-controlled by a control group given a placebo Experimenter / Bias-controlled by the double-blind technique

Define meta-analysis

analyse of many previous experiment on single topic ( change textbook every 2 year)

Describe independent and dependent variables

Independent variable: control + manipulate by experimenter ( if A happens, ... )

Dependent variable: a measure that demonstates the effects of an independent variable ( the result ...)

Describe experimental and control groups

experimental group: do experiences the independent variable = who receive special treatment.

control group: experiences all experimental procedures with exception of exposure to independent variable = consists of similar subjects who do not receive treatment given to experimental group

Define random assignment

each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group

Define cross-sectional study

experimental = age relate to changes = stimulate from people of different age / disease and exposure statuses are measured simultaneously in a given population. / measure cholesterol levels in daily walkers across two age groups, over 40 and under 40, and compare these to cholesterol levels among non-walkers in the same age groups

Define longitudinal study

experiment for accessing age related change in which data are obtained for same individual at interval over long period ( children @ depression) researchers conduct several observations of the same subjects over a period of time, sometimes lasting many years./ look at the change in cholesterol levels among women over 40 who walk daily for a period of 20 years

Define mixed- longitudinal study

accessing age relate changes combine cross section + longitudinal = observe a cross section of participant over a shorter period than

Describe a high and low correlational relationship

high : -1 -> +1 : 1st variable change 2sd change

low: 0.1 -> 0.3 : 1st variable not change 2sd

Define informed consent

permission obtain from a research participant (volunteer) : risks + benefits of experiment => explain through fully

Identify reasons for using animals in research

- biology = human

- control environment

- wrong expose human to risk health (medicin)

What is the impact of myelination of a neuron?

serves as an insulator around the axon and speeds the transmission of signals

Define glial cells

- make neutron to do job efficiently

- neutron stay in place

- clean up debris

- connect blood vessel serving neutron

support the neurons by, among other things, supplying them with nutrients and removing waste material

What is the ionic charge of a neuron inside the axon's - membrane at rest?

- inside ; + outside

What is the ionic charge of a neuron inside the axon's membrane during action

potential?

+ inside - outside

What is the form of communication between neurons?

action potential ; 1st reach min level theroid to start / neutron generate electric signal travel length of axon / 2sd arrive axon terminal -> release the neutrontransmiter by snapstic vessels into snaptic gap. Then lock and key on receptor @ dendroid

-= chemical and electrical synapses in a process known as neurotransmission, also called synaptic transmission. The fundamental process that triggers the release of neurotransmitters is the action potential, a propagating electrical signal that is generated by exploiting the electrically excitable membrane of the neuron. This is also known as a wave of depolarization.

Define neurotransmitters

in axon terminal has synatic vesicle which have chemical message -> transmit signal bw neutron (or electrical )

( communication between neurons as accomplished by the movement of chemicals or electrical signals across a synaps)

Describe the sequence of an action potential

cell at resting potential -> reach threshold -> action potential occur -> axon terminal -> (neurotransmitter) synapse vesicle release @ synapse gap -> bind/ match /interact receptors

Describe "lock and key"

only neutron transmittor match/ dump/ bind to identical receptor / what left/ reuptake -> go back terminal

Describe the role of dopamine

is neutron transmitter ->movement, planing, reward, attention, learning/ loss dopamine cause Paskinson/

Describe the role of serotonin

regulate sleep , appetite, mood, depression

What is the major function of the spinal cord?

- large bungle of axons

- transmitting inf BW brain and rest of body; simple reflexes

- bring sensory information back to central nervous system and carry motor command to muscle

Describe the function of interneurons

is a neuron that forms a connection between other neurons. Interneurons are neither motor nor sensory. The term is also applied to brain and spinal cord neurons

Describe the medulla

breath, heart rate, digestion, vital reflect

Describe the cerebellum

= smooth movement + balance + rapid + some perception and cognition

- volunteer movement lesion (difficult walking, loss balance)

Describe the thalamus

sensory message to cortex (not smell)

Describe the role of the basal ganglia

volunteer movement + curve thalamus + receive from motor cortex or all area from ceberal cortex => send information to cortex

Describe the hippocampus

new - short time memory

Describe the corpus collosum

connect 2 hemisphere + pass inf bw them

Describe the Broca's area

speech production

Describe the occipital lobe

visual signal (vision and visual perception)

Define lateralization

notion different functions are processed primarily on 1 side of brain and other

Describe what happens to the left or right hemisphere after suffering a stroke

opposite affect

Harm L -> affect R

Left : Language and Comprehension

Right: Perception and Judgment

Describe the function of the endocrine system

have glands -> produce hormones into bloodstream -> control body function

arouse, metabolism, growth, sex

List the functions controlled by the endocrine system

pineal : sleep wake

Pituitary: growth

Thyroid: metabolim

adrenal: body reaction

langerhans: digest/ sugar level / insunlin & glucagon

Describe the role of the pituitary gland

release hormon affect other glands + produce growth hocmon