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Stress
process where an individual percieves and repsponds to events that one appraises as overwhelming or threatening to one’s well-being
Stimulus-Based Stress
stress characterized as a stimulus that causes certain reactions
Response-Based Stress
the physiological responses that occur when faced with demanding or threatening situations are emphasized
Stressors
environmental events that may be judged as threatninh or demanding; cause of stress
Primary Appraisal
judgment about the degree of potnential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail
Secondary Appraisal
judgement of options available to cope with a stressor and their potential effectiveness
Eustress
good form of stress
Distress
bad form of stress
Health Psychology
devoted to studying psychological influences on health, illness, and how people respond when they become ill
Chronic Stressors
events that persist over an extended period of time
Acute Stressors
brief focal events that sometimes contiue to be experienced as overwhelming after the event has ended
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
popular scale designed to measure stress
Daily Hassles
minor irritations and annoyances that are part of everyday lives and are capable of producing stress
Job Strain
work situation involving the combination of excessive job demands and workload with little decision makking or job control
Job Burnout
general sense of exhaustion in relation to one’s job
Exhaustion
a sense that one’s emotional resources are drained
Depersonalization
a sense of emotional detachment between workers and recipients of their work
Diminished Personal Accomplishment
tendency to evaluate one’s work negatively
Fight-or-Flight Response
set of physiological reactions that occur when a person encounters a perceived threat
(increased blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and sweat)
General Adaptation Syndrome
Han Selye’s 3 stage model of the body’s physiological reactions to stress and the process of stress adaptation
(reaction, resistance, and exhaustion)
Alarm Reaction
the body’s immediate physiological reaction to a threatening situation/emergency
Stage of Resistance
the body adapts to a stressor for a period of time
Stage of Exhaustion
the body’s ability to resist stress becomes depleted
(prone to illness, disease, and death)
Sympathetic Nervous System
releases adrenaline from adrenal glands as a trigger to arousal
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis
set of structures found in both the limbic system (hypothalamus) and the endocrine system (pituitary and adrenal glands) that regulate many of the body’s physiological reactions to stress through hormones
Hypothalamus
activates the pitutitary gland
Cortisol
Stress hormones released by the adrenal glands when encountering a stressor
Psychophysical Disorder
physical disorder/disease on which symptoms are brought about or worsened by stress
Immune System
various structures, cells, and mechanisms that protect the body from foreign substances that can damamge the body’s tissue and organs
Autoimmune Disease
when the immune system mistakes the body’s own healthy celss for invaders and repeatedly tries to attack them
Immunosuppression
decreased effectivness of the immune system
Psychoneuroimmunology
studies how physiological factors (stress) influence the immune system and functioning
Lymphocytes
white blood cells that circulate the body’s fluids and attack unknown “invaders” that enter the body
Cardiovascular Disorder
disorder that involve the heart and blood circulation system
Heart Disease
the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs
(ex: heart attacks, strokes)
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Type A
tend to be competitive, impatient, rushed, and hostile towards others
Type B
tend to be relaxed and laid back
Negative Affectivity
a tendency to experience distressed emotional states and can lead to development of hypertension and heart disease
Problem-Focused Coping
one attempt to manage/alter the problem that is causing stress
Emotion-Focused Coping
efforts to change/reduce the negative emotions associated with stress
Perceived Control
people’s beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives
Hopelessness Theory
one lacks control over negative outcomes is important in fostering a sense of learned helplessness
Social Support
soothing and beneficial support from others
Relaxation Response Technique
stress reduction technique combing elements of relaxation and meditation
Biofeedback
stress reduction technique using electronic equipment to measure a person’s involuntary activity and provide feedback to help the person gain a level of voluntary control over these processes
Elements of Happiness
pleasent life,
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