GH 20-1 Final Review

Unit 1 - Nationalism and Identity

• Nationalism - Sense of belonging to a group

  • Types of Nationalism

    • Cultural - shared culture

    • Ethnic - same origin/ethnicity

    • Civic - shared values as laws

      • Eg. Canada

    • Political - formed through desire for self-determination but not always sovereignty

      • Eg. First nations in Canada

    • Spiritual - spiritual connections to the land

    • Geographic - formed through geographic barriers/differences

    • Linguistic - language based connection

• Nation vs Nation-State

  • Nation - A group of people with feelings of connectedness to each other

  • Nation-State - a country

    • Must have internationally recognized borders, politically organized group of people under sovereign government, and self-determination

• Identity

  • Personal - national affiliation

  • Collective

    • Collective consciousness: Shared beliefs, values, etc that act as a unifying force in society

• Patriotism - devotion to one’s nation

• Expression and Promotion of Identity

• Factors that shape nationalism

  • Historical, geographic, political, economic, social

    • Eg. French Revolution: causes of nationalism - social/economic similarities

• Tensions between loyalties to nations

  • Eg. Canada and Quebec

    • Can result in compromise of one nation for another

• French Revolution

  • Causes

    1. Feudalism

       • 3rd Estate was tried of getting exploited by 1st/2nd

    2. Autocratic/Absolute Monarchy

       • Monarchy increased debt by increasing spending, taxed 3rd estate (who were already poor)

    3. Age of Enlightenment/American Revolution

       • Enlightenment thinkers (eg John Locke, Rousseau) criticizing divine right of kinds, stressed individual rights → thought people deserved a say in government → basis of democracy

       • 3rd Estate say regular people overthrow British monarchy and create new political system → wanted this for themselves

    4. Weather

       • Low crop yields → famine, people starving but monarchy still takes from peasants

  • Napoleon/Napoleonic Era

    • Napoleon’s conquest of Europe → very successful till he tried to invade Russia in the winter

    • Defeated in Waterloo

  • Outcomes

    • Spread of nationalism

      • French Revolution sparked nationalism throughout Europe - aided by Napoleonic Wars

    • Congress of Vienna

      • Germany created to have a strong neighbor to France (prevent another Napoleon)

      • Emergence of Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Prussia, England, Russia and eventually France) and Holy Alliance

        • Aimed to suppress nationalist/democratic ideas, have peace

      • Successful at peace but couldn’t prevent nationalist ideas from spreading

Unit 2 - National Interests

• WWI

  • Causes

    • MANIA

      • Militarism - countries pursuing stronger militaries

      • Alliances - Triple Alliance and Triple Entente bringing more countries into the war

      • Nationalism - Ideas of supremacy in nations

      • Imperialism - Countries wanted more territory but almost all was already claimed, political/economic control

      • Assassination - Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists

        • Led to July Crisis

        • Catalyst for the start of the war

  • Alliances

    • Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

      • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Italy (till swaps)

    • Triple Entente (Allies/Allied Powers)

      • France, UK, Russia (till pulled out) → + US, Italy, Japan

        • Italy swaps bc of promises of Austria-Hungarian territory if the Allied won the war

  • Key Events

    • Schlieffen Plan

      • Tactic to allow Germany to fight on 2 fronts

      • Assumed Russia would be slow to mobilize and Germany would be able to capture Paris/France while mobilizing by going through Belgium

      • Belgians fought back (made harder to invade France), Russians were fast to mobilize (took troops from Western front)

      • Failure of Schlieffen Plan led to trench warfare (war of attrition)

    • Battle of Somme

      • One of deadliest battles of WWI, major Canadian involvement

    • Battle for Vimy Ridge

      • Union of 4 Canadian divisions - big Canadian nation/nationalism moment

  • Outcomes

    • Treaty of Versailles

      • Negotiated by US, UK, and France

      • GARGLE

        • Guilt: Germany accepts full blame

        • Army: Germany’s army reduced to 100k, demilitarized Rhineland, no war materials

        • Reparations: Germany paid ~6,600 million pounds

          • Causes economic crisis → Charles Dawe from US sent in to help → hit to German pride

        • Germany’s lost land: Alsace-Lorraine goes back to France, colonies split between Allies, Poland created

        • League of Nations founded

        • Extra: Forbade Anschluss

      • Germany didn’t like terms but had to accept, League of Nations not ratified by everyone → little actual power

    • League of Nations

      • International body with goal of international peace → didn’t actually enforce policy

      • Not joined by US, USSR

      • Failed disarmament of members

• Interwar Period

  • Great Depression

    • Decreased nationalism in US

    • Xenophobia, anti-elitism, populism increase → increased ultranationalism

  • Appeasement

    • Appeasement’s failures led to rise of Nazi Party in terms of power

    • Landmarks of Appeasement

      • Germany leaves League of Nations - begins arming in secret

      • Anglo-German naval agreement

      • Abyssinian Crisis (Italy wants Ethiopia)

      • Remilitarization of the Rhineland

      • Anschluss - political union of Germany w/ Austria

      • Annexation of Sudetenland/Munich Agreement

      • Invasion of Poland

        • Start of WWII (Sept 1, 1939)

• Ultranationalism: Extreme nationalism with hostility to others

  • Social/Economic Crisis

  • Charismatic/Authoritarian leader

  • Myths promoting superiority of nation

• WWII

  • Alliances

    • Allied Powers: France, UK, USA, (USSR later), Canada

    • Axis Powers: Germany (Austria - Anschluss), Italy, Japan

  • Causes

    • MR FING

      • Militarism

      • Rise of dictatorships

      • Failure of Appeasement

      • Imperialism

      • Nationalism

      • Germany’s invasion of Poland

        • Immediate

  • Key Events

    • Battle of Britain (aka the Blitz)

      • Series of air raids in attempts to weaken British morale (Luftwaffe vs RAF)

        • Increased morale and public support for the war (opposite effect on Britain than indented)

    • Pearl Harbor

      • Japanese bombing of USA navel base after US placed an embargo on rubber, steel, and oil on Japan

      • Drew US into the war

    • Stalingrad

      • Germany violating non-aggression pact between USSR/Germany - invasion of Russia

      • Fails during the winter

    • D-Day

      • Allied attack on Normandy to take back France from Axis control

      • Largest land/sea operation in history, key factor in liberation of France/Belgium/ Luxembourg

    • Atomic Warfare

      • US bombing of Japan after Japan refused surrender

      • Hiroshima (Aug 6), Nagasaki (Aug 9)

      • Causes surrender of Japan → USA occupied and becomes constitutional monarchy

    • Victory in Europe Day (VE Day)

      • May 8 1945 - official end of the war

    • Victory over Japan Day

      • Japan’s surrender - August 14/15, documents signed Sept 2

  • Outcomes

    • United Nations created

      • Peacekeeping force with ability to enforce policies

      • Start of internationalism

    • Berlin Declaration - Germany loses autonomy

    • Potsdam Conference - Allied division of Germany into 4 blocks

      • East: USSR

      • West: USA

      • Berlin split between East and West, Berlin Wall created because people wanted to move to West Germany

• Genocide

  • Organized, state-sponsored extermination of a group of people

  • Stages

    • Classification - Us vs Them mentality, differentiate

    • Symbolization - Identifying markers on demographic

    • Discrimination - changes to rights/citizenship

    • Dehumanization - Diminishing value of the group, comparison to animals

    • Organization - Plans to deal with group

    • Polarization - Amplification of differences

    • Preparation - Deportation/Isolation/Starvation of demographic

    • Persecution - Victims isolated/persecuted

    • Extermination - Massacres on the group

    • Denial - Perpetrators deny events and evidence is hidden

Unit 3 - Internationalism

• Internationalism: Principle of cooperation among nations for promotion of common good, may not exclusively serve national interests

  • Types

    • Hegemonic - World is being integrated unequally (superpowers)

    • Liberal - cooperation on equal terms for mutual benefit between nations (UN)

    • Revolutionary - belief that international factors/alliances determine conflicts in society

  • Addressing global issues

    • Peacekeeping - Maintaining peace after a conflict has subsided

    • Peacemaking - Addressing underlying issues to prevent conflict

      • Focused on diplomacy

    • IGOs

• Foreign Policy

  • Isolationism - attempting to prevent contact with other nations

  • Unilateralism - country makes decisions by themselves

  • Bilateralism - 2 countries make a decision together

  • Multilateralism - 3+ countries make a decision

  • Supranationalism - acting based on decisions of an international body

    • Can compromise some sovereignty/self-determination, less able to pursue national interests

    • Eg. EU

• IGO/INGOs

  • IGO: Intergovernmental Organization

    • Supranational organizations that help nations work together for international goals (eg peace, economic stability)

    • Eg. IMF, World Bank, EU

  • INGO: International Non-Governmental Organization

    • Typically non-profit groups that work to address global issues.

    • Operational - Design/implementation of development projects

    • Advocacy - Promoting/defending causes with goal of influencing public policy

    • Can lack in accountability, create negative economic impacts, more performative or actionable?

    • Eg. Doctors without Borders, Amnesty International

• Economic Things

  • Trade Agreements vs Protectionism

    • TA: increased income → economic interdependence

      • Eg. USMCA, APEC

    • Protectionism: Opposite of foreign trade, promote domestic production

      • Can damage international relations, long term damage to economic development

  • Stability

    • UN attempts to ensure world peace, economic stability etc

    • Odious debt: Extreme debt that doesn’t benefit people - keeps accumulating. Tends to benefit dictators

      • Result of loans on top of loans etc

      • Can lead to structural adjustment plants (conditions attached to loans from WTO or IMF)

• UN

  • Security Council

    • Establish international peace but only some countries represented

    • Veto power (US, Russia, UK, France, China - permanent members)

      • Automatically shoot down a substantial motion (procedural motions can’t be vetoed)

    • Promote international stability, prevent unnecessary military intervention

  • International Court of Justice

    • Adjudicates general disputes between nations

  • General Assembly

    • Policy making body, all countries represented

Unit 4 - Canadian National Identity

• National Symbols

  • Important in a civic nation where there isn’t always unifying history

  • Official vs unofficial symbols

• Challenges to Canadian Identity - stressors to Canadian unity - how to be united in a civic nation?

  • Quebec/Quebecois Identity

    • Lack of connectedness to overall Canadian nation

    • Separatism - 2 referendums

    • Front de Liberation du Quebec/October Crisis

      • Series of terrorist attacks as part of an Quebec independence movement

    • Bill 101

      • French becomes dominant language in Quebec

    • Official languages act

      • Canada becomes officially bilingual

    • Provincial privilege

      • Equalization payments

      • Asymmetrical Federalism

  • Western Alienation

    • Feelings of alienation in Alberta/Saskatchewan - primarily due to perceptions of being disadvantaged/taken advantage of by central government/other provinces

    • Past parties founded for Western Alienation: Reform Party, Maverick Party, Wildrose Independence Party (provincial)

    • Equalization payments tend to favour other provinces over Alberta/Saskatchewan

  • First Nations

    • Want self-determination and reparations for past Canadian actions

    • Key Events

      • Mohawk/Oka Resistance - Quebec government attempting to make a golf course on traditional burial grounds - Fed government ended up buying land but didn’t give to Mohawk people

    • Treaties

      • Designed to give federal government legal title over land, prevent American expansionism, and increase settlement West

      • Seen as cultural/spiritual protection by Indigenous and thought would be maintained orally

      • Contrasting views on what treaters were supposed to do by colonists/FN

    • Legislation

      • Indian Act - Collection of laws on Indigenous people

        • Gradually took away rights (eg of dress and land)

        • Residential schools

      • White Paper

        • Attempt by Pierre Trudeau to end treaty obligations/Indian Act

        • Badly received by FN population

      • Red Paper

        • FN response to White Paper - FN should determine their own future/rights

        • Written by National Indian Brotherhood → Assembly of First Nations

  • Multiculturalism/Pluralism

  • Reconciliation/Revitalization

    • Truth and Reconciliation Commission - 94 calls to action to reconcile with FN traumas

      • Nation-to-nation discussions, Canada and FN as independent nations

• Immigration Policy

  • Past: Oriented towards Eastern Europeans/those similar to British

    • Very ethnocentric - eg Head tax and continuous journey legislation

  • Immigration Act 1976: Changes made to reflect UN convention on status of refugees

    • First time where Canada had clear immigration goals (emphasis on economic/family immigrants)

• Cultural Protectionism

  • Promoting/protecting identity from outside influences

  • CRTC and Historica Canada