Chapter 17 - Cell Reproduction
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What are the 3 major phases of the cell cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
How long is the interphase in the cell cycle
about 20 hours
How long is the mitosis and cytokinesis phase on the cell cycle
about 4 hours
What happens in interphase
DNA is copied and the cell gets ready to divide
During what stage of interphase is DNA copied?
the S phase (synthesis)
What happens in mitosis
The nucleus is split and cytokinesis begins
What happens in cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm and the rest of the cell
What are the four stages of Mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
What happens in the prophase stage of mitosis
DNA condenses and the nuclear membrane breaks down
What happens during the metaphase stage in mitosis
the chromosomes line up in order to be separated - moved by cytoskeletal elements
What happens during the anaphase stage in mitosis
the cytoskeletal elements pull apart the duplicated chromosomes
What happens during the telophase stage in mitosis
the nuclear membrane begins to reform and cytokinesis begins
What stage of mitosis is this cell in
Prophase
What stage of mitosis is this cell in
Metaphase
What stage of mitosis is this cell in
Anaphase
What stage of mitosis is this cell in
Telophase and cytokinesis
Functions of cell reproductions (mitosis with cytokinesis) in humans
Repair and replacement of cells (repairing a cut or replacing cells that have shed)
Reasons why cells may divide differently
Period of life you’re in (ex. sperm cells develop during puberty)
Type of cell (ex. muscle cells can have several nuclei)
What does a cell that has undergone mitosis but not cytokinesis look like?
How is the cell cycle regulated?
With 3 checkpoints checking to see that everything is in the right place before the cycle continues
What two groups of genes regulate the cell?
Proto-oncogenes → stimulate cell division
Tumor suppressor genes→ suppress cell division and detect/repair damaged DNA
How do normal cells behave
respond to growth signals
limited cell division
undergo cell death if old or damaged
stay localized
Apoptosis
Cell death / Cell suicide
How do normal cells control DNA damage?
they detect DNA damage and repair it or they activate cell death
What role do Lysomes play in cell death
they release a digestive enzyme which breaks down the damaged cells